Opportunities for improving plantation productivity. How much? How quickly? How realistic? |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Research Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modelling, NFGA, Beijing 100091, China;2. Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China;3. Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, 322 Percival Hall, 1145 Evansdale Dr, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;4. Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China;5. Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;1. Department of Natural Resources and the Environment & Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA;2. Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA;3. Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA;4. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA;5. USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Rhinelander, WI, USA;6. W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, USA;7. USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids, MN, USA;8. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA;9. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA;10. Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA;1. Department of Environmental Studies and Agriculture, Beit Berl College, Doar beit Berl, Israel;2. Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;3. Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell''Ambiente (DISPAA), Università degli Studi di Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy;4. Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse – C.N.R., via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze, Italy;1. CSIRO Agriculture and CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, ACT 2601, Australia;2. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;3. Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity, The Foundation for Research on Biodiversity, Technopôle de l’Arbois, Rue Louis Philibert, Aix-en-Provence, France;4. Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia;5. FarmWoods, PO Box 385, Augusta, WA 6290, Australia;6. School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;7. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia;8. Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751 NSW, Australia;9. CSIRO Agriculture and CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia;10. CSIRO Agriculture and CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 12, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;11. University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia;12. Threshold Environmental Pty Ltd, PO Box 1124, Albany, WA 6331, Australia;13. Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, The University of Western Australia, 1 Foreshore House, Albany, WA 6330, Australia;14. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA), 444 Albany Hwy, Albany, WA 6330, Australia;15. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Private Mail Bag 50, Esperance, WA 6450, Australia;p. Fares Rural Pty Ltd, PO Box 57, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia;q. Colo Consulting, Winmalee, Parramatta, NSW 2777, Australia;r. CSIRO Land and Water, 47-67 Maunds Road, Atherton, QLD 4883, Australia;s. Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts (DSITIA), Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, QLD 4066, Australia;t. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, GPO Box 1047, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;1. Department of Biosystems Engineering, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;2. National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Biomass production may be increased through greater utilization of existing resources, planting more area, and by implementing intensive silvicultural practices. This paper reviews the potential of intensive silviculture to increase productivity of short and longer rotation hardwood and conifer plantations. Some silvicultural treatments produced long-term growth and site improvements: species and provenance choice, tree breeding, improving rooting volume, applying high rates of fertilizers, and irrigation, all showed this potential. Short-term gains resulted from changes to stocking rates, rotation length, planting practices, tillage, weed control, and applying starter doses of fertilizer or nitrogenous fertilizer to pole stands.The largest gains came from site selection, species and provenance choice, draining wet sites and correcting nutrient deficiencies, followed by tree breeding and irrigation. Choice of stocking level and rotation length, planting practices, weed control, and fertilizing pole stands gave potentially large benefits (>25% gains) for short-rotation crops (<12–15 years). They produced lower benefits for longer rotation plantations. Starter fertilizers, tillage and utilizing thinnings had relatively low gains. Disease and insect control were difficult to assess.Managers should consider their current management level and practices, costs and benefits, social and environmental factors, practicality, and the time required for the benefits to be achieved. Further, growth improvements measured in research studies typically are not achieved in the field, with 15–25% reductions being commonly experienced. Quality control could reduce these losses. |
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