城市蓝色空间促进老年健康的规划路径研究

蓝色空间的合理开发利用在维持老年群体健康水平方面产生潜在的积极影响，在国内外大量实证研究推进下，正逐步引起城市建设者的重视和关注。尤其，在国土空间规划体系对包括水域要素的城市全域全要素空间管控的要求下，如何制定清晰和准确的健康老龄化导向下蓝色空间规划路径，也是城市公共空间精细化建设得到进一步提升的重要突破口。立足老年身心健康特征，归纳了近10年蓝色空间研究进展，总结了蓝色空间对老年群体产生健康效益的三类行为特点，借助MA体系分析框架，提炼了蓝色空间在生态系统服务下的三类关键功能，总结促进老年健康的蓝色空间开发目标；在反思我国蓝色空间当前建设的现实困境背景下，提出实现老年健康目标的城市蓝色空间规划路径，包括规划要素的界定和规划工具的支撑；围绕我国前沿探索的规划成果和实施成效，提出保障水循环高效、营造水场所便捷、消除水接触障碍三类目标下的九类规划策略。

Research on Planning Paths for Urban Blue Spaces to Promote Elderly Health

Promoting the health of the elderly is an urgent challenge to be solved by the government and all sectors of society during the "14th Five-Year Plan". Many researchers have proven that blue space has potential positive influences on maintaining the health of the elderly. As such, its development and utilization are conducive to guiding healthy behaviors and living conditions for the elderly. Refined construction of urban public spaces has been key to addressing the health of the elderly and creating a living environment for the elderly. Now, urban green spaces are gradually improving. In the future, improving the quality and efficiency of blue space will be the key concern. In particular, blue space composed of water elements is facing new challenges under the national land space planning system requiring control of all factors. Therefore, the new trend of refined construction of urban public spaces can be captured only when the blue space planning path is understood and constructed with consideration for the elderly healthcare objective. This will be a breakthrough for construction and development of blue space. 　　Based on the physical and mental health characteristics of the elderly, the research progress of blue space in the last ten years as well as three blue space behavioral characteristics that benefit the health of the elderly were summarized. These three types of behavioral characteristics are relieving environmental damage for the elderly, stimulating the elderly to participate in outdoor activities more frequently in places close to water, and promoting a spiritual healing effect through the water landscape. Based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) of the UN, three key functions of blue space in ecosystem regulation service and cultural service were defined: (1) purification and regulation; (2) sports and recreation; (3) spirit and aesthetics. Subsequently, the development goals of blue space to promote the health of the elderly were proposed, including guaranteeing the high efficiency of the water cycle, creating convenient water locations, and eliminating barriers to a pro-water approach. From these three blue space development goals, the current difficulties limiting construction of blue space in China were analyzed and some planning paths were proposed. (1) Determine regions of blue space planning. To realize different development goals, attention must be paid to three types of regions, such as pro-water spaces, waterfront spaces, and water domain spaces. (2) Propose supporting tools for blue space planning. Based on the national land spatial planning system of five levels and three classes, a set of planning tools was formed for comprehensive effective control of total factors in the whole domain. An overall plan which contains "water bodies, waterfronts, and pro-water" was formulated. (3) Summary of key strategies for blue space planning. With considerations for the outcomes of leading planning in China, nine types of planning strategies were proposed under the three aforementioned objectives. Specifically, the planning strategies for guaranteeing high-efficiency water circulation include improving protection for the natural landscape, strengthening water pollution prevention and governance ability, and increasing biodiversity protection. Planning strategies for creating convenient water fields include constructing a transport network for convenient commuting, developing service networks with nearby communities, and standardizing safe and continuous recreation networks. Planning strategies for eliminating barriers to a pro-water approach include improving barrier-free walking facilities and environments, perfecting the barrier-free sightseeing facility system, and optimizing barrier-free facility layouts for playing in water.