健康生活导向下的西方城市公共空间发展研究

以健康生活导向视角追溯西方发达国家城市公共空间发展历程，基于各自不同历史背景、医学模式、公共空间类别及健康生活实现方式，将其归纳为3个重要阶段：神圣敬畏的“公共园林”启蒙期、改善公共健康的城市公共空间发展期、开启多元健康的生活方式成熟期；由此揭示健康生活导向下西方城市公共空间呈现从“单一维度”到“多维融合”、从“消极被动补给”到“积极主动引导”、从“公共”到“共享”的3个发展转变趋势。旨在推动我国以人民健康幸福生活为导向的公园城市建设健康有序发展。

Development of Public Spaces in Western Cities Based on Healthy Lifestyles

In recent decades, health issues have attracted increasing research attention. Health attributes in urban public spaces have become an important topic in the field of urban health research. First, by summarizing and elaborating the principles behind a healthy lifestyle, urban public space, and overall human health, urban public spaces were defined as spaces for public activities and rest, which are closely related to public health. This space includes urban parks, green squares, public gardens, street spaces, community public spaces, slow space systems, etc. By reviewing existing literature, it is found that the associated studies are mesoscopic or microscopic in nature, concerning the relationship between urban public spaces and the health categories from the perspectives of health utility and influential mechanisms, planning, design and applications, healthy behavior patterns, social benefits, and value evaluations. However, there is a lack of macroscopic studies on historical systems. Therefore, this paper retrospectively examines the development history of urban public spaces in western developed countries from the perspective of a healthy lifestyle, summarizing the historical development context and characteristics. According to different historical backgrounds, medical models, categories of public space, and healthy lifestyles, the development process was divided into three stages, namely, the enlightenment stage of “public gardens”, which are sacred and awe-inspiring; the development stage of urban public spaces for improving public health; and the mature stage of initiating diverse healthy lifestyles. (1) In the enlightenment stage, “sacred” public gardens, such as temples, sacred forests, and sports grounds, were taken as the main types of spaces to demonstrate the use of natural religious techniques to drive away disease, ensuring public health on the medical model of deism. (2) In the development stage, urban parks, shade squares, public gardens, boulevards, riverside green belts, and other systematic urban public green spaces were taken as the main types of spaces to study how to focus on the balance between humans, disease, and the physical environment based on biomedical models, helping improve public health and preventing environmental crises such as epidemics. (3) In the maturity stage, street spaces, community public spaces, pedestrian travel systems, and other pedestrian-friendly public spaces were taken as the main types of space. This paper emphasizes the psychological relationship between human life systems and their social environment based on the biological medicine model, supporting multiple healthy lifestyle behaviors to ensure healthcare protection and maintenance. Finally, three development trends of public spaces in western cities, based on healthy lifestyles, were described. The first trend is the change from a “single dimension” to “multidimensional integration” in terms of health generation mechanisms, health-influencing factors, healthy living needs, and healthcare ideas. The second trend involves changes from a “passive supply” to “active guidance” in terms of the supply mode of public spaces. The third trend includes changes from “public” to “sharing” in terms of the participation mode, macro strategy, operation mode, and healthcare value. This study helps build a healthy life-oriented urban quality public space in China to promote the healthy and orderly development of city park construction, with the fundamental goal of “creating happier lives for the people” by learning from experiences in western developed countries.