融入风景园林因子的生境单元制图法及在公园鸟类微生境研究中的应用

生境单元制图是一种能够有效表征生境质量分布、景观单元类型等信息的图示化方法,广泛应用于物种生境保护、土地利用和景观规划等领域。但在城市绿地尺度下的应用实例较少,且缺乏从风景园林师角度来构建的分类、制图体系。以北京市3个中小型公园为研究对象,以鸟类作为目标类群,构建融入风景园林因子的生境单元制图方法。对3个公园的微生境组成、生境结构情况、鸟类物种分布进行空间图示化、数据量化的信息整理,并根据鸟类的空间分布与生境使用频率,对公园微生境具有相似偏好的鸟类进行聚类运算。研究结果显示,样点公园的微生境类型数量与香农多样性指数(Shannon’s diversity index,SHDI)、鸟类多样性存在正向变化关系。不同鸟类对公园微生境的具体偏好趋势与其所属鸟类行为集团大体一致,并可在其基础上进一步细分。研究结果符合景观生态学与城市鸟类学规律,说明融入风景园林因子的生境单元制图法在小尺度绿地生境研究中的可行性,可作为城市绿地微生境保护与营造研究的基础。首次将风景园林因子引入以往的生境单元制图体系中,将该方法扩展至园林中的微生境等级,并结合鸟类数据进行可行论证。旨在将过往研究中的生境分类体系与风景园林师常用的设计逻辑相结合,为后续生境设计研究提供便利。

Biotope Mapping with Landscape Architecture Elements and Its Application in the Research of Park Avian Microhabitats

Biotope mapping is a graphical method that can effectively provide information on habitat quality distribution and landscape unit types. It is widely used in the fields of species habitat protection, land-use and landscape planning. However, there are few application examples in urban green space scale. And there is a lack of the study of classification and mapping systems constructed from the perspective of landscape architects. This paper takes three small- and medium-sized parks in Beijing as the research objects, and birds as the target species to construct a mapping method of habitat unit that integrates landscape architecture elements. It analyzes microhabitat composition, habitat structure and bird species distribution in the three parks by spatial mapping and data quantification. It clusters birds with similar park microhabitat preferences according to the spatial distribution and habitat use frequency of birds. The results show that the number of microhabitats in the sample parks is positively related to the SHDI and bird diversity. The specific preference of different birds to the micro habitat of parks is basically consistent with their behavior group preference, which can be further subdivided. The study results accord with the laws of landscape ecology and urban ornithology. It shows that biotope mapping method integrated with landscape architecture elements is feasible in the study of small-scale green space habitat, which serves as a basis for the study of micro environment protection and construction of urban green space. In this study, landscape architecture elements are introduced into the previous habitat unit mapping system for the first time, and this method is extended to the microhabitat level in green space, and the feasibility is demonstrated by combining it with bird data.