我国火灾形势与消防科学技术的发展

20世纪50年代以来,我国火灾直接经济损失随着经济社会的发展有较大幅度的上升.80年代以后,火灾伤亡人数明显下降,但群死群伤火灾问题比较突出.近年来,我国火灾形势基本稳定.在各级政府、公安消防部门和全社会的努力下,推进了消防科技的研究和应用.目前,我国已经形成了一支以公安部直属四个消防研究所、中国科学技术大学火灾科学国家重点实验室及其他消防科研院所和大型消防企业为主体,相关教育科研单位和人员为补充的消防科技力量.90年代以来,我国开展了火灾探测报警与灭火技术、建筑耐火性能和防火技术、火灾模化技术及性能化消防安全设计、城市消防规划与灭火救援、消防标准化、火灾动力学演化与防治基础等方面的研究,并重点进行了高层建筑火灾预防与扑救技术、地下与大空间建筑火灾预防及控制技术、城市火灾与重大化学灾害事故防范与控制技术等项目的研究.在未来五年中,我国将重点开展火灾动力学理论与火灾风险理论、城市区域火灾风险与消防安全保障能力评估技术、新型消防设施及工程应用技术、消防装备与器材的现代化、建筑结构耐火性能评价与抗火设计技术、人在火场中的行为特征、火灾数据库和消防经济学与性能化消防工程方法等方面的研究.

Fire situation of China and the development of fire science and technology

Since the 50s of 20~(th)century,the direct fire loss in China has been increased greatly.After 1980s,fire life loss reduced but disastrous fires increased.With the help of the government,fire departments and the society,the study on fire technology has been emphasized.In the recent years,the fire situation in China is basically stable.After 1990s,we carried out fire protection studied on fire detection and fire fighting technology,building fire resistance and fire protection,fire modeling and performance-based fire safety design,city fire planning and rescuing etc.In the future five-year-plan,we will put our emphasis on the fire dynamics theory study,fire risk analysis,assessment of city area fire risk and rescuing ability,new model fire protection facilities,modernization of fire equipment and tools,assessment of building fire resistance performance and fire resistance technology,human behavior in fire,fire database and fire economics and performance-based fire safety engineering etc.