中国古代城市规划研究的传统文化策略——以元大都宅地平面空间模式研究为例

以往对传统文化在中国古代城市规划研究中的作用的关注大多集中在其象征意义上,如元大都规划理念与《易经》和《考工记》的探讨。当以中国古代地亩制度和《元史》记载元大都宅地面积8亩的关系为切入点,利用民间流传两千年的"长十五,宽十六,不多不少正一亩"田亩实践谚语,可得出南北长32步,东西长60步的面积8亩的宅地平面模式,而且符合蒙古游牧集住的传统家庭社会组织方式。以此结合地亩制度的变迁和北京胡同间用地平面模式对"32步x60步"平面模式的关照,揭示了传统文化不仅具有"形而上学"的象征价值,而且为古代城市规划建设实践的研究提供了更深层启示,进一步证明在古代城市规划研究中采取唯物主义辩证的态度审视传统文化的必要性。

TRADITIONAL CULTURAL STRATEGY IN ANCIENT CHINESE CITY PLANNING STUDY:A CASE STUDY ON RESIDENTIAL SPACE OF YUAN DADU

In the past, much attention was paid to the symbolic meaning of traditional culture in the study of ancient Chinese urban planning, such as the discussion of the planning idea of Yuan Dadu, as well as the Book of Changes and Kaogong Ji. Starting with the relationship between the ancient Chinese field system and the area of each homestead(8 mu) recorded in History of the Yuan Dynasty, and based on a proverb which has been passed down for two thousand years in China, saying "sixteen bu in length, fifteen bu in width, equaling to precisely one mu," this paper points out that 8 mu equals to the area of a rectangle of 32 bu x 60 bu, which accords with the social organization of traditional nomadic families in Mongolia. Then according to the changes of the filed system and the "32 bu x 60 bu" plane pattern of land in Beijing hutongs, the paper argues that traditional culture not only has a symbolic value of "metaphysics," but also provides a deeper inspiration for the study of ancient city planning and construction practices. In addition, it further proves that it is necessary to examine the traditional culture in a materialist and dialectical manner in the ancient urban planning study.