美国公园体系规划管理的特点与启示

城市公园运动以来,美国公园体系为改善自然和人居环境作出了重要贡献。对美国各层级公园体系的分类、管理和规划进行系统研究发现,美国公园体系主要由"国家-州-都会区-城市/郡"4个层级组成。各层级有不同的公园分类方式和功能侧重,且管理模式有所差异。四层级公园各采取垂直式、集权为主式、双层式和协同式管理。层级之间存在2种典型的管理衔接合作模式:通过立法实现多方参与或分权管理;通过财政支持和鼓励计划建立层级间合作关系。最后从建立完善多层级公园体系、选择合适的公园体系管理方式、促进各公园层级管理衔接与合作三方面对构建和完善中国公园体系提出政策启示与建议。

Characteristics and Enlightenment of American Park System Planning and Management

Since the urban park movement, the American park system has made important contributions to improving the natural and human settlements. This paper makes a systematic study on the classification, management and planning of the park system at all levels in the United States. It is found that the American park system is mainly composed of four levels: national, state, metropolitan, and city/county. Each level has different classifications, functions and different management models. Four level parks adopt vertical, centralization, double-layer and collaborative management respectively. There are two typical modes of cooperation of management between different levels of park system: multi-party participation or decentralized management through legislation, and hierarchical cooperation through financial support and incentive plan. Finally, the paper puts forward suggestions for the construction and improvement of park system in China from three aspects: planning, management mode and management convergence and cooperation among different levels