7000 m以深优质砂岩储层的特征、成因机制及油气勘探意义——以库车坳陷下白垩统巴什基奇克组为例

超深层碎屑岩储层物性一般极差,单井油气产能低,但塔里木盆地库车坳陷新近钻探的博孜9井却在7 600 m以深的下白垩统巴什基奇克组仍然钻遇了优质厚层储层,并获得了高产工业气流。为了揭示该储层的特征和成因、降低超深层油气勘探的风险,基于岩心、测井和实验分析等资料,结合区域温压条件和储层埋藏演化史,探讨了巴什基奇克组储层的特征、形成机制及其油气勘探意义。研究结果表明:①该区巴什基奇克组超深层储层岩石类型为中、细粒长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,颗粒呈点—线接触,储集空间以原生粒间孔为主,现今仍处于中成岩演化阶段;②与其他超深层裂缝性低孔砂岩储层不同,该套超深层储层为孔隙型储层,孔隙度介于4%～13%,渗透率介于0.1～50.0 mD,孔渗相关性较好;③巴什基奇克组沉积期广泛发育三角洲前缘厚层砂体,中、细砂岩占比超过85%,颗粒抗压能力强,此后储层经历了早—中期长时间浅埋藏,晚期快速深埋,埋藏压实效应较弱,晚期上覆古近系巨厚膏盐岩层受冲断挤压形成顶蓬构造,进一步抑制垂向压实,同时研究区远离造山带和构造转换带,侧向挤压应力弱,原生粒间孔得以大量保存。结论认为:粗岩性、弱压实和低构造应力是该套超深层优质储层发育的关键;7 000 m以深规模有效储层的发育为库车坳陷天然气高丰度富集和万亿立方米储量规模提供了有利的物质条件,油气勘探潜力巨大。

Characteristics,genetic mechanism and oil & gas exploration significance of high-quality sandstone reservoirs deeper than 7 000 m: A case study of the Bashijiqike Formation of Lower Cretaceous in the Kuqa Depression

Ultra-deep clastic reservoirs generally have poor physical properties and low single-well productivity, but Well Bozi 9, which is newly drilled in the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin, encounters a thick high-quality reservoir in the Bashijiqike Formation of Lower Cretaceous deeper than 7 600 m and produces a high-yield industrial gas flow. In order to reveal the characteristics and genesis of the Bashijiqike Formation reservoir and reduce the exploration risk of ultra-deep oil and gas layers, we discussed its characteristics, genetic mechanism and oil & gas exploration significance based on cores, logging and experimental analysis, combined with regional temperature–pressure conditions and burial evolution history. And the following research results were obtained. First, the rock types of ultra-deep reservoir of Bashijiqike Formation in this area are medium- and fine-grained feldspathic litharenite and lithic arkose with point-line contact between grains, and its reservoir space is dominated by primary intergranular pores. At present, it is still at its middle diagenetic stage. Second, different from other ultra-deep fractured low-porosity sandstone reservoirs, this set of ultra-deep reservoir is a pore-type reservoir with a porosity of 4–13%, the permeability of 0.1–50.0 mD and good porosity and permeability correlation. Third, during the sedimentation of Bashijiqike Formation, thick sand bodies of delta front were widely developed, medium and fine sandstones accounted for more than 85% and grains had strong compressive capacity. After that, this reservoir experienced long-term shallow burial in the early–medium stage and rapid deep burial in the late stage and the burial compaction effect was weaker. In the late stage, a canopy structure was formed from the overlying Paleogene thick gypsum salt bed due to thrust and compression, and it further suppressed vertical compaction. In the meantime, the study area was far from the orogenic belt and the structural transition zone, so the lateral compressive stress was weak. Therefore, the primary intergranular pores were preserved in large quantities. It is concluded that coarse lithology, weak compaction and low tectonic stress are the key factors to the development of this ultra-deep high-quality reservoir. In addition, the development of large-scale effective reservoirs deeper than 7 000 m provides favorable material conditions for the high-abundance enrichment of natural gas and the reserves of trillion cubic meters in the Kuqa Depression, and the oil and gas exploration potential is huge.