A survey of mycotoxins in random street-vended snacks from Lagos,Nigeria, using QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Departament de Medicina Preventiva, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain;2. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria;3. Department of Food and Analytical Services, Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, PMB 21023, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria;1. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;2. FERA Science Ltd., National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK;3. School of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;1. Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria;2. Pathology/Mycotoxin Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria;3. Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon;4. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa;5. Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State, Nigeria;6. Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria;1. Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;2. Joint Research Centre-Geel, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium;3. Safe Wheat s.r.l., Bari, Italy;1. Food Safety Research Centre, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;3. National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Lot 1853, Kampung Melayu Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | A survey in African snacks was carried out in order to evaluate the intake of 23 mycotoxins. The African snack samples were purchased from street vendors within Lagos metropolis (Nigeria) and evaluated for the presence of 23 mycotoxins using a modified QuEChERS procedure coupled with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. The snacks included akara, baked coconut, coconut candy, donkwa, groundnut cake (kulikuli), lafun, milk curd (wara), fresh and dried tiger-nuts, and yam flour. Only three mycotoxins were detected in 23.8% of the studied snacks, and at concentrations ranging from 6 to 54 μg kg−1. The concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and AFB2 reached 23 μg kg−1 and 3 μg kg−1, respectively. Moreover a sample of baked coconut contained α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), which was up to 54 μg kg−1 in coconut candy. As considers prevalence, aflatoxins and α-ZOL were not detected in lafun and groundnut-based snacks (donkwa and kulikuli), whereas each of the three mycotoxins contaminated 12.5% (1/8) of the coconut-based samples. This is the first report of α-ZOL in cassava and coconut, and their products. AFB1 and total aflatoxins (TAFs) concentrations exceeded the maximum allowable limit recommended by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control Nigeria (NAFDAC) in one sample of baked coconut (AFB1 = 23 μg kg−1 and TAFs = 26 μg kg−1) and donkwa (AFB1 = 19 μg kg−1 and TAFs = 21 μg kg−1). |
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