山羊乳与牛乳配方乳粉的致敏性比较

山羊乳是一类营养丰富且易于消化的乳品，因其营养成分与牛乳相近而受到广泛关注。本研究通过蛋白质潜在致敏性树状评估策略（生物信息学、消化稳定性、血清学研究、动物模型）对山羊乳配方乳粉的致敏性进行评价，并研究山羊乳配方乳粉与牛乳过敏患者血清中免疫球蛋白（immunoglobulin，Ig）E之间存在的交叉反应性。结果表明，山羊乳配方乳粉的167 种蛋白质中，β-乳球蛋白和α-乳清蛋白含量显著低于牛乳配方乳粉（P＜0.05），山羊乳配方乳粉在模拟胃液中更易消化，且与过敏患者血清的结合能力弱于牛乳配方乳粉，动物模型结果表明山羊乳配方乳粉致敏小鼠体温下降幅度、临床过敏症状评分、血清中特异性IgE和IgG1抗体水平、血浆中组胺水平、血管渗透性及组织炎症程度等均显著低于牛乳配方乳粉组致敏小鼠（P＜0.05），交叉反应性结果表明山羊乳配方乳粉能与牛乳过敏患者血清结合，但结合能力明显低于牛乳配方乳粉。结论：与牛乳配方乳粉相比，山羊乳配方乳粉的致敏性较弱，可作为牛乳的替代品，降低牛乳过敏性疾病的发病风险。

Comparative Study on the Allergenicity of Goat and Bovine Milk Formula Powders

Goat milk is rich in nutrients and easy to digest. It has received widespread attention because of its similar nutritional composition to that of cow’s milk. This study evaluated the allergenicity of a goat milk formula powder through the decision tree for foods in allergenicity assessment (including bioinformatics, digestive stability, serological tests and animal model). The cross-reactivity of the goat milk formula powder with immunoglobulin (Ig) E in the serum from patients with cow’s milk allergy was also explored. The results showed that among 167 proteins in the goat milk formula powder, the contents of β-lactoglobulin and α-whey proteins were significantly lower than those of the bovine milk formula powder (P < 0.05). The goat milk formula powder was more digestible in simulated gastric fluid. The goat milk formula had weaker binding capacity to the patient’s serum compared to the bovine milk formula powder. The animal model showed that the rectal temperature of the goat milk formula powder-sensitized mice decreased less after challenging (P < 0.05), and the clinical allergy symptom score, serum specific IgE and IgG1 antibody levels, plasma histamine levels, vascular permeability and severity of tissue inflammation were all notably lower than those in the bovine milk formula powder-sensitized mice (P < 0.05). The cross-reactivity results showed that the goat milk formula could interact with the serum from the patients with cow’s milk allergy, but the binding capacity was significantly lower than that to the bovine milk formula powder. In conclusion, the allergenicity of the goat milk formula powder is lower than that of the bovine milk formula powder, and thus can be a substitute for cow’s milk to reduce the risk of cow’s milk allergy.