基于地理信息系统对畜牧场重金属污染的空间分布规律研究

目的 利用地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)可视化分析畜牧场中重金属污染的空间分布规律。方法 利用优化GIS布点, 结合GPS精准采集黑龙江省大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县整体畜牧场园区内部10 cm, 50 cm深度的土壤、地表水及园区粪便样品。对主要重金属元素As、Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn依据国标和行标方法进行检测, 通过GIS反距离加权插值法和污染指数法对场地超标重金属进行污染空间格局分析和污染评价。结果 不同土层的单因子污染指数中As元素均为重度污染级别, 其他7种元素属于安全等级, 综合污染指数属于重污染等级。畜牧场内外地表水中Ni元素以及牛饮用水中Sb元素单因子污染指数属于警戒线等级, 其他元素属于安全等级, 其水样的综合污染指数均为轻度污染等级。粪便样品的所有重金属元素的单因子污染指数和综合污染指数均属于安全等级。重金属污染污染呈现垂向由上至下逐渐增大的空间分布特征, 水平分布结构相似。结论 应用GIS可更加准确更加直观的获得重金属在不同介质, 不同深度下的空间分布规律和污染情况。

Spatial distribution pattern of heavy metal pollution in livestock farm based on geographic information system

Objective To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of heavy metal pollution in livestock farm by geographic information system (GIS) visualization. Methods The optimized GIS distribution points and GPS were used to accurately collect soil, surface water and feces samples at depths of 10 cm and 50 cm inside the whole livestock farm park in duerbert Mongol autonomous county, daqing city, Heilongjiang province. The main heavy metal elements including As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were detected according to the national standard and row standard methods. The spatial pattern analysis and pollution assessment of heavy metals in the site were carried out by GIS inverse distance weighted interpolation method and pollution index method. Results Heavy metal element As in different soil layers was all in serious pollution levels, and the other seven elements belonged to safety level. The comprehensive pollution index of the whole farm was in a serious pollution level. The single factor pollution index of Ni element in surface water inside and outside the livestock farm and Sb element in cattle drinking water belonged to the warning level. Other elements belonged to the safety level, and the comprehensive pollution index of the water sample was mild pollution level. The single factor pollution index and comprehensive pollution index of all heavy metal elements in manure were safety. The pollution of heavy metal pollution showed a spatial distribution characterized by a vertical increase from top to bottom, and the horizontal distribution structure was similar. Conclusion The application of GIS can obtain the spatial distribution law and pollution of heavy metals in different media and different depths more accurately and intuitively.