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《建筑热能通风空调》2016,(5)
本文采用TSI AM-510型智能防爆粉尘检测仪和TSI Aero Trak TM 8220型激光粒子计数器对北京市西城区三个服装市场的室内、室外PM10的质量浓度和数量浓度进行了现场测试,并评价可吸入颗粒物的浓度水平和污染特征,分析室内外颗粒物之间的相关性及其影响因素。结果表明:1PM10是服装市场室外大气及室内环境的主要污染物。服装市场在室外颗粒物PM10质量浓度超标的情况下(0.15 mg/m~3),室内颗粒物PM10与标准相比的合格率为30%,在室外PM10质量浓度0.15 mg/m~3的情况下,室内PM10的合格率为92.2%。2服装市场室内外颗粒物浓度水平之间存在密切的相关性。室外颗粒物是室内颗粒污染的主要来源,室内颗粒物浓度随室外浓度变化而变化,且吸烟和人员活动是服装市场可吸入颗粒物的重要室内污染源。3对于颗粒物数量浓度比,室内室外PM1/PM10、PM2.5/PM10、PM1/PM2.5的比值都在0.99以上,表明可吸入颗粒物中的绝大部分都是粒径小于2.5μm的可吸入肺颗粒物,对人体健康具有更大危害。 相似文献
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邓权威 《建筑热能通风空调》2006,25(6):92-96
为研究污染源对非污染源区域的影响,具体考虑室内污染源、室外污染物浓度以及室内与室外通风方式的作用,对双区域内一般离散气态污染物在室内的浓度水平进行模拟和分析。通过对污染源的研究表明:室内污染源浓度的成倍增加会导致两个区域平均浓度均成倍增加,并且区域平均浓度是区域本身浓度与室外浓度的叠加值。通过对通风方式的研究表明:在污染源区域设置排气扇是有效的排污方法,有利于改善室内人居环境。 相似文献
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本文综合考虑室内污染源散发,室外污染物进入,净化器效率等因素对室内污染物浓度的影响。对采用集中空调系统的房间,建立了非稳态模型,以可挥发性有机物为例,理论分析了净化器效率和室外VOCs浓度对室内VOCs浓度的影响。该模型可为净化器效率的选择提供理论依据。 相似文献
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《Planning》2016,(1)
目的了解盐城市典型公共场所室内PM_(2.5)污染状况,研究室外PM_(2.5)质量浓度对室内的影响,为监管部门控制公共场所PM_(2.5)暴露水平提供科学依据。方法在盐城市区选4家典型公共场所作为监测对象,采用光散射式粉尘仪对室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度进行监测,同时记录环保部门公布的同时段PM_(2.5)质量浓度。结果 4家公共场所室内PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为95.0μg/m3,是室外的1.68倍。室内PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度显著高于室外,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。室外质量浓度冬季显著高于秋季(P<0.01),室内质量浓度冬秋季无明显差别(P>0.05)。室内外质量浓度呈高度正相关(R=0.779,P<0.001)。结论盐城市典型公共场所室内PM_(2.5)污染较重,确保集中式空调正常运行和严格控制吸烟和油烟等措施可有效降低室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度。 相似文献
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本文以上海市一典型住户为例,长期监测居住建筑室内的PM2.5浓度,温湿度以及住户开关窗行为。调查居住建筑在自然通风状态下室内的PM2.5质量浓度水平,分析开关窗对室内PM2.5质量浓度的影响。研究发现:住户在冬季及春季前期开窗时间集中在8:00左右,且开窗时长低于1 h,当室外温度持续高于11℃左右时,住户一天内开窗次数增多,开窗时间集中在8:00和16:00左右,而开窗时长也相应增加为1~4 h。做饭的影响导致住户室内PM2.5日变化规律呈现双/三峰特性,室外逐时变化规律则在冬季呈现单峰(峰值出现在9:00左右),春季峰值不明显。开窗之前,室内PM2.5浓度若远远低于室外浓度时,开窗将使室内PM2.5浓度升高,并逐渐接近室外浓度。开窗之前,室内PM2.5浓度保持升高/下降的趋势或是室内外浓度相差不大的情况下,开关窗户对室内PM2.5浓度几乎无影响。 相似文献
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《暖通空调》2016,(2)
雾霾天气的频繁出现导致关窗并开启空气净化器成为住宅中常用的净化手段,而长时间关窗带来的危害往往被忽视。模拟了雾霾天气下住宅中全时开窗及短时开窗2种开窗方式与空气净化联合使用时对室内细颗粒物(PM2.5)和CO_2浓度的控制情况,结果表明:当室外雾霾在中度污染(室外PM2.5质量浓度200μg/m~3)以下时,可以采取全时开窗与空气净化联合策略控制室内污染物的浓度;当室外雾霾污染严重(室外PM2.5质量浓度300μg/m~3)时,可以采取短时开窗与空气净化联合策略将室内污染物浓度在大多数时间段内控制在限值以下。合理的开窗通风与空气净化联合控制策略为住宅中应对室外雾霾与室内多种污染物提供了一种途径。 相似文献
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室外PM2.5可通过新风及围护结构缝隙渗透至室内,室外PM2.5较高时尤为明显,结果导致室内空气中的PM2.5浓度上升。为了研究空调形式对室内外PM2.5浓度相关性的影响,在2015年夏季对重庆某办公建筑中采用不同空调形式的室内外PM2.5浓度进行了实测。实测结果发现:集中式空调、分体式空调和非空调房间室内外PM2.5浓度比变化范围分别为0.59~0.76、0.47~0.76、0.71~0.91。室内外PM2.5浓度相关性系数的排序为:集中式空调环境(0.94)非空调环境(0.92)分体式空调环境(0.77),研究结果表明,办公建筑的空调形式,对室内外PM2.5浓度的相关性有影响。 相似文献
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Maintaining positive pressure indoors with a mechanical ventilation system is a popular control method for preventing the entry of outdoor airborne particles. This paper analyzes the factors which affect the satisfied superfluous airflow rates of positive pressure control. Through modeling a large amount of cases with a validated model, the factors, e.g. temperature difference, outdoor wind velocity, effective air leakage gaps in the envelopes, the area of the air leakage and the room, were analyzed. Based on the theoretical model, a correlating equation to calculate the satisfied superfluous airflow rate was established by multiple full quadratic regressions. The correlating equation is simple for engineers or designers to use to determine the satisfied superfluous airflow rate. This paper also aims to find which method, pressure control or indoor air cleaning, costs less to prevent the same amount of outdoor-originated particles from entering indoor environments. Generally speaking, indoor air cleaning control method requires less supply airflow rate than positive pressure control method for reducing the concentration of indoor particles with outdoor origin. An exception for this is a situation with a very low indoor/outdoor particle concentration (I/O ratio) requirement. 相似文献
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Stand-alone air cleaners may be efficient for rapid removal of indoor fine particles and have potential use for shelter-in-place (SIP) strategies following acts of bioterrorism. A screening model was employed to ascertain the potential significance of size-resolved particle (0.1-2 microm) removal using portable high efficiency particle arresting (HEPA) air cleaners in residential buildings following an outdoor release of particles. The number of stand-alone air cleaners, air exchange rate, volumetric flow rate through the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, and size-resolved particle removal efficiency in the HVAC filter were varied. The effectiveness of air cleaners for SIP was evaluated in terms of the outdoor and the indoor particle concentration with air cleaner(s) relative to the indoor concentration without air cleaners. Through transient and steady-state analysis of the model it was determined that one to three portable HEPA air cleaners can be effective for SIP following outdoor bioaerosol releases, with maximum reductions in particle concentrations as high as 90% relative to conditions in which an air cleaner is not employed. The relative effectiveness of HEPA air cleaners vs. other removal mechanisms was predicted to decrease with increasing particle size, because of increasing competition by particle deposition with indoor surfaces and removal to HVAC filters. However, the effect of particle size was relatively small for most scenarios considered here. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of a screening analysis suggest that stand-alone (portable) air cleaners that contain high efficiency particle arresting (HEPA) filters can be effective for reducing indoor fine particle concentrations in residential dwellings during outdoor releases of biological warfare agents. The relative effectiveness of stand-alone air cleaners for reducing occupants' exposure to particles of outdoor origin depends on several factors, including the type of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) filter, HVAC operation, building air exchange rate, particle size, and duration of elevated outdoor particle concentration. Maximum particle reductions, relative to no stand-alone air cleaners, of 90% are predicted when three stand-alone air cleaners are employed. 相似文献
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Window opening behavior has significant influences on indoor environment and energy consumption in residential buildings.
As a response to indoor environment, the control mechanism (window and interior door open/closed) should be studied first
by comprehensive understanding of the variation of indoor environmental conditions. For this reason, a field measurement of
environmental conditions was carried out in five representative apartments in Beijing from April to May in 2010. By comparison
analyses of the field measurement results, major findings are as follows: (1) the concentration of room CO2 can be the best predictor of occupant behavior, also window opening behavior, in residential buildings; (2) the variation
in indoor air quality mainly results from large variation in window opening behavior; (3) apart from indoor and outdoor thermal
environment, indoor air quality as well as occupants’ presence at room have also considerable effect on window opening behavior;
(4) while defining window opening behavior for one room in residential building, it is necessary to take the window adjustment
of its connecting room and the adjustment of the connecting door into consideration due to air diffusion between the two connecting
rooms. 相似文献
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Numerical study of the effects of trees on outdoor particle concentration distributions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Outdoor particles are a major contributor to indoor particles which influence the indoor air quality. The outdoor particle concentration also affects the outdoor air quality but the real outdoor particle concentration around buildings may differ from monitored concentrations at monitoring sites. One main factor is the effect of vegetation, especially trees. Numerical simulations were used to investigate the effects of trees on particle concentration distributions around target buildings. The drift flux model was combined with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model to model the particle distribution and the airflow. Thirteen cases were analyzed to compare the effects of tree type, tree-building distance and tree canopy-canopy distance on the outdoor particle concentration distribution. The results show that cypress trees reduce the outdoor particle concentration more than pine trees, that shorter tree-building distances (TBD) reduce the particle concentration more than longer tree-building distances, and that a zero tree canopy-canopy distance (CCD) reduces the particle concentration more than CCD=2 m. These results provide guidelines for determining the most effective configuration for trees to reduce outdoor particle concentrations near buildings. 相似文献
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In the frame of the French national research program PRIMEQUAL (inter-ministry program for better air quality in urban environments), measurements of outdoor and indoor pollution have been carried out in eight schools in La Rochelle (France) and its suburbs. The buildings were naturally ventilated by opening the windows, or mechanically ventilated, and showed various air permeabilities. Ozone, nitrogen oxides (NO and NO(2)), and airborne particle (particle counts within 15 size intervals ranging from 0.3 to 15 mum) concentrations were continuously monitored indoors and outdoors for two 2-week periods. The indoor humidity, temperature, CO(2) concentration (an indicator of occupancy), window openings and building permeability were also measured. The temporal profiles of indoor and outdoor concentrations show ozone and nitrogen oxides behave differently: NO and NO(2) indoor/outdoor concentration ratios (I/O) were found to vary in a range from 0.5 to 1, and from 0.88 to 1, respectively, but no correlation with building permeability was observed. On the contrary, I/O ratios of ozone vary in a range from 0 to 0.45 and seem to be strongly influenced by the building air-tightness: the more airtight the building envelope, the lower the ratio. Occupancy, through re-suspension of previously deposited particles and possible particle generation, strongly influences the indoor concentration level of airborne particles. However, this influence decreases with particle size, reflecting the way deposition velocities vary as a function of size. The influence of particle size on deposition and penetration across the building envelope is also discussed by analyzing the I/O ratios measured when the buildings were unoccupied, by comparing the indoor concentrations measured when the buildings were occupied and when they were not (O/U ratios), and by referring to previously published studies focussing on this topic. Except one case, I/O were found to vary in the range from 0.03 to 1.79. All O/U are greater than one and increase up to 100 with particle size. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Assessing children's total exposure requires the knowledge of outdoor and indoor air contaminant concentrations. The study presented here provides data on compared outdoor and indoor concentration levels in school buildings, as well as information on the parameters influencing the relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality. It may be used as a basis for estimating indoor concentrations from outdoor concentrations data, or as a first step in designing buildings sheltering children against atmospheric pollution. 相似文献
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Agata Mleczkowska Marcin Strojecki Łukasz Bratasz Roman Kozłowski 《Building Simulation》2017,10(3):383-393
The particle concentrations outside and inside two historical churches were monitored for at least ten months. The highest levels of outdoor concentrations were recorded in winter. This was caused by high levels of particle emissions from the burning of predominantly solid fuel for domestic heating in premises around the two churches monitored. These high levels of particle concentrations declined over the warmer periods of the year with the lowest concentrations occurring in the summer months. Owing to the marked winter–summer pattern for outdoor concentrations, the particles of outdoor origin accounted for 80%–90% of the overall indoor particle concentrations in the period of predominantly cold weather conditions (December to March) and for 50%–60% in the warm period (June to September). Reducing air exchange between the external space and the church interiors by keeping windows and doors closed had a limited effect on the reduction of average particle concentrations indoors (by less than 10%). A controlled air exchange system, which would increase the ventilation of a church when the particle concentration outdoors is lower than indoors and reduce ventilation when the outdoor air is polluted, would produce a further reduction of 10% in the indoor average particle concentration. The general conclusion is that the protection of the interiors of historical churches against soiling is primarily achieved by the improved particle filtering capacity of building envelopes and the gradual reduction of the overall outdoor particle concentration. Use of air cleaning systems with particle filtration may be a viable long-term option. 相似文献
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The effects of air filtration and ventilation on indoor particles were investigated using a single-zone mathematical model. Particle concentration indoors was predicted for several I/O conditions representing scenarios likely to occur in naturally and mechanically ventilated buildings. The effects were studied for static and dynamic conditions in a hypothetical office building. The input parameters were based on real-world data. For conditions with high particle concentrations outdoors, it is recommended to reduce the amount of outdoor air delivered indoors and the necessary reduction level can be quantified by the model simulation. Consideration should also be given to the thermal comfort and minimum outdoor air required for occupants. For conditions dominated by an indoor source, it is recommended to increase the amount of outdoor air delivered indoors and to reduce the amount of return air. Air filtration and ventilation reduce particle concentrations indoors, with the overall effect depending on efficiency, location and the number of filters applied. The assessment of indoor air quality for specific conditions could be easily calculated by the model using user-defined input parameters. 相似文献
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Effect of ventilation and filtration on submicrometer particles in an indoor environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effect of filtration and ventilation on reduction of submicrometer particle concentration indoors was investigated in an office building. The air-handling system consisting of dry media filters and an air-conditioning unit, reduced particle concentration levels by 34%. The characteristics of indoor airborne particles were dominated by, and followed the pattern of, outdoor air, with vehicle combustion aerosols as the main pollutant. The ratio indoor/outdoor particle concentration varied between 14 and 26% for different sub-zones. The presence of significant source of particles indoors was not observed. A simple mathematical model predicting evolution of particles indoors is presented. The model, based on a particle number balance equation, was validated with experimental data and showed very good agreement between predicted and measured parameters. 相似文献