已发布及可预见的高度关注物质对纺织化学品的影响（续）

2.6.2阻燃剂 阻燃剂最大用户是塑料制品,约占80%,纺织品约占5%,橡胶约占10%,涂料约占3%,木材、纸张约占2%。     

国外产业用针织物的开发概况

国外产业用纺织品的开发,早在五十年代就已经开始了,六十年代达到工业化生产水平。在工业发达国家中,产业用纺织品约占纺织品总量的三分之一。如1982年美国产业用纺织品占总量的28.6%,1979年日本产业用纺织品占总量的33%,而我国产业用纺织品仅占13%。产业用纺织品的应用范围比服装、装饰用纺织品广得多,几乎涉及     

日本的非织造布及其用途

近年来,日本对非织造布的兴趣日益增加.当服装纺织品占据消费市场大份额时,非织造布只排在机织物和针织物之后,起着第二位的作用.然而日本工业用纺织品的消费已经超过了服装,1987年,日本工业用纺织品消费量为64.9万吨,服装消费量为61.7万吨,此时,非织造布在各个应用领域里已被广泛地使用起来,例如:非织造布越来越多地用在过滤材料、汽车、地毯、卫生用品(婴儿尿布和餐巾)、用即弃医疗用品、揩布、土木工程和建筑、屋顶材料、松软的衬里等方面.为了振兴非织造工业,日本付出了很大的努力,以促进对非织造布的研究和信息收集活动.     

当前世界服装的发展

目前,世界纺织品消费中,服装占的比例逐年增加,平均增长率为22%左右,已占国际纺织贸易总额的一半以上。西欧、美国、日本纺织品的消费比例是,服装占50%以上,装饰用布占30%,工业及其它用布占20%。先入八十年代后,国际上中低档服装工     

浅谈装饰织物的开发和设计

近年来,随着我国纺织工业的迅速发展,生产量的不断增长,纺织品除可满足十亿人民衣着需要外,已经逐渐向室内装饰和工业用布领域发展。面料、装饰、工业用布这三者将成为今后我国纺织工业的三大支柱而齐头并举。我国以往只着重于人民穿衣问题,造成纺织产品结构不合理。据统计,83年我国纺织品的结构已有所变化,如面料80％、装饰7％、工业用布13％。但装饰织物在我国纺织工业中占的比例还相当小,因而积极开     

针织机械与技术的最新进展

近年来,针织产品呈现多元化、多样化的发展趋势,其不仅在服装领域的应用份额越来越大,而且在家纺和产业用等领域都有突出表现。据中国纺织机械器材工业协会统计,2011年,针织服装产量约占全国服装总量的48%;针织类纺织品占家纺产品达15%;占产业用纺织品20%以上。     

译序

<正> 近二十年来,城市人口日趋密集,高层建筑林立,交通运输发展,工业用和家庭用纺织品数量迅速增加,但随之而来因窗帘、帷幕、地毯等室内舱内装饰织物、家具布、床上用品和睡衣着火而引起的火灾不断增加,造成了巨大的经济损失和人身事故。因此,纺织品     

色织品种销售下降 品种开发亟待重视

色织产品是纺织品中的大类,近年来全国各大类纺织品批发销售中,色织产品所占比重如下:纯棉布约占16%,涤棉布约占5%,中长布约占30%.近年来色织产品占各类的比重除涤棉布外,均呈逐年递减的趋势.     

国内产业用纺织品发展趋势

“九五”末,我国的服装、装饰和产业用纺织品的比例将调整到 60:25:15,其中产业用纤维的消费量达到120—140万吨,占纤维总消费量的15%.产业用纺织品的发展趋势如下:     

美国纺织品服装贸易综合谈(下)

二、美国纺织品服装贸易分析据美国商业部的统计,1991年美国纺织品服装进口量达128亿平方米,比上年增长4.7%.以金额计,1991年美国纺织品服装进出口额分别为:纺织品进口69.91亿美元,比上年增长8.8%,服装262.06亿美元,增长2.3%,两项合计331.97亿美元,增长3.6%;纺织品出口54.57亿美元,增长10.3%,服装32.12亿美元,增长29.9%,合计86.69亿美元,增长16.9%.从以上数字可以看出:     

Arsenic(III) oxidation by iron(VI) (ferrate) and subsequent removal of arsenic(V) by iron(III) coagulation

We investigated the stoichiometry, kinetics, and mechanism of arsenite [As(III)] oxidation by ferrate [Fe(VI)] and performed arsenic removal tests using Fe(VI) as both an oxidant and a coagulant. As(III) was oxidized to As(V) (arsenate) by Fe(VI), with a stoichiometry of 3:2 [As(III):Fe(VI)]. Kinetic studies showed that the reaction of As(III) with Fe(VI) was first-order with respect to both reactants, and its observed second-order rate constant at 25 degrees C decreased nonlinearly from (3.54 +/- 0.24) x 10(5) to (1.23 +/- 0.01) x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) with an increase of pH from 8.4 to 12.9. A reaction mechanism by oxygen transfer has been proposed for the oxidation of As(III) by Fe(VI). Arsenic removal tests with river water showed that, with minimum 2.0 mg L(-1) Fe(VI), the arsenic concentration can be lowered from an initial 517 to below 50 microg L(-1), which is the regulation level for As in Bangladesh. From this result, Fe(VI) was demonstrated to be very effective in the removal of arsenic species from water at a relatively low dose level (2.0 mg L(-1)). In addition, the combined use of a small amount of Fe(VI) (below 0.5 mg L(-1)) and Fe(III) as a major coagulant was found to be a practical and effective method for arsenic removal.     

Iron(VI) and iron(V) oxidation of copper(I) cyanide

Copper(Il) cyanide (Cu(CN)4(3-)) in the gold mine industry presentsthe biggest concern in cyanide management because it is much more stable than free cyanide. Cu(CN)4(3-) is highlytoxic to aquatic life; therefore, environmentally friendly techniques are required for the removal of Cu(CN)4(3-) from gold mine effluent. The oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by iron-(VI) (FeVIO4(2-), Fe(VI)) and iron(V) (FeVO4(3-), Fe(V)) was studied using stopped-flow and premix pulse radiolysis techniques. The stoichiometry with Fe(VI) was determined to be 5HFeO(4-) + Cu(CN)4(3-) + 8H2O - > 5Fe(OH)3 + Cu2+ + 4CNO- +3/202 + 6OH-. The rate law for the oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by Fe(VI) was found to be first-order with each reactant. The rates decreased with increasing pH and were mostly related to a decrease in concentration of reactive protonated Fe(VI) species, HFeO4-. A mechanism is proposed that agrees with the observed reaction stoichiometry and rate law. The rate constant for the oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by Fe(V) was determined at pH 12.0 as 1.35 +/- 0.02 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1), which is approximately 3 orders of magnitude larger than Fe(VI). Results indicate that Fe(VI) is highly efficient for removal of cyanides in gold mill effluent.     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯的甲基化分子修饰

研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)的甲基化分子修饰。以碘甲烷作为甲基供体,采用化学合成方法研究EGCG 的甲基化分子修饰,并通过HPLC-MS 和NMR 等对反应产物进行结构鉴定。结果表明：采用化学合成方法能有效完成EGCG 的甲基化分子修饰,并分离鉴定出5 个EGCG 甲基化衍生物,分别为4″-Me-EGCG、4′,4″-di-Me-EGCG、5,3′,4′,5′,3″,4″,5″-hepta-Me-EGCG、5,7,3′,4′,3″,4″,5″-hepta-Me-EGCG、5,7,3′,4′,5′,3″,4″,5″-octa-Me-EGCG。     

Reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) sorbed on Al (hydr)oxides

Under oxic conditions, Tc exists as the soluble, weakly sorbing pertechnetate [TcO4-] anion. The reduced form of technetium, Tc(IV), is stable in anoxic environments and is sparingly soluble as TcO2 x nH2O(s). Here we investigate the heterogeneous reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) adsorbed on Al (hydr)oxides [diaspore (alpha-AlOOH) and corundum (alpha-Al2O3)]. Experiments were performed to study the kinetics of Tc(VII) reduction, examine changes in Fe surface speciation during Tc(VII) reduction (M?ssbauer spectroscopy), and identify the nature of Tc(IV)-containing reaction products (X-ray absorption spectroscopy). We found that Tc(VII) was completely reduced by adsorbed Fe(II) within 11 (diaspore suspension) and 4 days (corundum suspension). M?ssbauer measurements revealed thatthe Fe(II) signal became less intense with Tc(VII) reduction and was accompanied by an increase in the intensity of the Fe(III) doublet and magnetically ordered Fe(III) sextet signals. Tc-EXAFS spectroscopy revealed that the final heterogeneous redox product on corundum was similar to Tc(IV) oxyhydroxide, TcO2 x nH2O.     

Mind the (yield) gap(s)

This paper explores the origin of the notion of ??yield gap?? and its use as a framing device for agricultural policy in sub-Saharan Africa. The argument is that while the yield gap of policy discourse provides a simple and powerful framing device, it is most often used without the discipline or caveats associated with the best examples of its use in crop production ecology and microeconomics. This argument is developed by examining how yield gap is used in a selection of recent and influential agricultural policy documents. The message for policy makers and others is clear: ??mind the (yield) gap(s)??, for they are seldom what they appear.     

Reactivity of Pb(II) at the Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide--water interface

In this study, the reactivity of lead (Pb(II)) on naturally occurring Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals was evaluated using kinetic, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic investigations. Aqueous Pb(II) was more strongly adsorbed to birnessite (delta-MnO1.7) than to manganite (gamma-MnOOH) under all experimental conditions. The isoteric heat of Pb adsorption (delta HT) or birnessite was 94 kJ mol-1 at a surface loading of 1.1 mmol g-1, and decreased with increasing adsorption density. This indicated that adsorption was an endothermic process and that birnessite possessed heterogeneous sites of reactivity for Pb. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra revealed that Pb was adsorbed as inner-sphere complexes on both birnessite and manganite with no evidence to suggest oxidation as an operative sorption mechanism. Lead appeared to coordinate to vacancy sites in the birnessite layer structure with concurrent release of Mn to solution, which resulted in a greater number of second shell Mn scatterers in Pb-birnessite when compared to Pb-manganite samples. The difference in Pb coordination apparently explained the contrasting desorption behavior between the two Mn minerals. These results have significant implications for Pb partitioning in soil environments containing solid-phase Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxides.     

Iron(VI) and iron(V) oxidation of thiocyanate

Thiocyanate (SCN-) is used in many industrial processes and is commonly found in industrial and mining waste-waters. The removal of SCN- is required because of its toxic effects. The oxidation of thiocyanate (SCN-) by environmentally friendly oxidants, Fe(VI) and Fe(V), has been studied anaerobically using stopped-flow and premix pulse radiolysis techniques. The stoichiometry with Fe(VI) was determined to be 4HFeO(4-) + SCN(-) + 5H2O-->4Fe(OH)3 + SO4(2-) + CNO(-) + O2 + 2OH-. The rate law for the oxidation of SCN- by Fe(VI) was found to be -d[Fe(VI)]/dt = k11([H+]/([H+] + Ka,HFeO4)) [Fe(VI)][SCN-] where k11 = 2.04 +/- 0.04 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 and pKa,HFeO4 = 7.33. A mechanism is proposed that agrees with the observed reaction stoichiometry and rate law. The rate of oxidation of SCN- by Fe(V) was approximately 3 orders of magnitude faster than Fe(VI). The higher reactivity of Fe(V) with SCN- indicates that oxidations by Fe(VI) may be enhanced in the presence of appropriate one-electron-reducing agents. The results suggest that the effective removal of SCN- can be achieved by Fe(VI) and Fe(V).     

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MeI) and 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4)-tetrahydroxybutyl-imidazole (THI) from ground-coffee with high-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric quantification (HPLC/ESI-MS).

Two polar analytes, 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MeI) and 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4)-tetrahydroxybutyl-imidazole (THI), were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) modified with aqueous methanol. The method was applied to a roasted coffee powder with good recovery rates. Method efficiency was compared with that of solid-phase extraction using SCX Disc cartridges and validated for spiked solid matrix. The analytes were determined using isocratic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on an Atlantis HILIC Silica column (150 x 2.1 mm, 3 microm) with 80% methanol and 20% 0.01 mol l-1 ammonium formate as the mobile phase. The limit of quantification was around 1.5 pg for 4-MeI and 2.0 pg for THI. The linearity of the calibration curves was satisfactory as indicated by correlation coefficients of >0.999. The coefficient of variation for the intra-day and inter-day precisions was <4% (n = 6). Accuracy was in the range 98-101%; recovery rates were > or = 98 and > or = 99% for THI and 4-MeI, respectively. Several samples of Arabica coffee from various locations and commercially available 'off-the-shelf' coffee products (Arabica/Robusta mixtures) were analysed to test the method.     

Attractancy of diethyl ether extracts of Arachis hypogaea (Linnaeus) (Papilionaceae), Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) (Cucurbitaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis var. excelsa (Baillon) (Irvingiaceae) to Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)

Volatiles of the diethyl ether extracts of I. gabonensis, C. lanatus and A. hypogaea attracted 1–7 and 28–42-day-old adult O. mercator when tested in a two-choice pitfall Petri dish bioassay. For both age groups, a significant difference was observed in response between fed and starved adults to the different extracts. Differences in starvation time did not affect responses of individuals in the 1–7-day-old group; a significant effect was observed in the 28–42-day-old group.

Adults, 28–42-day-old were significantly more responsive to virtually all extracts than 1–7-day-old adults. Responses of adults in each age group to the different extracts were not significantly different. The time of trial within the period 0900–1900 h did not significantly affect the response of adults in both age groups, starved for 2 days, to any extract.     

羟丙基壳聚糖亚铁配合物的合成

采用壳聚糖先与Fe2+配合,再用环氧丙烷改性,研究了羟丙基壳聚糖-Fe2+的合成工艺,并用紫外和红外光谱对衍生物结构进行了表征。结果表明,在壳聚糖用量为0.1g、Fe2+起始浓度为16mg/mL、溶液pH为2的条件下,制得壳聚糖亚铁配合物。接着在壳聚糖-Fe2+∶环氧丙烷∶25%四甲基氢氧化铵为1mg∶10mL∶0.8mL条件下,制得羟丙基壳聚糖-Fe2+(HPCS-Fe2+)。位于1160～1030cm-1处有特征吸收峰,说明衍生化后得到的HPCS和HPCS-Fe2+上两个羟基上都发生了反应。