欧洲的环境政策

能源、环境与经济的平衡发展，是全球努力的目标。中国能源发展面临着人民要求改善环境的需求增加、环境容量有限和全球气候变化的压力等三大环境挑战，中国政府和能源生产、消费部门。必须积极面对这些挑战，制定相应政策，采取有力措施，使好的环境和更好的经济发展并驾齐驱，实现可持续发展。文章系统地介绍了欧洲的环境政策及政策部门实施政策的手段，以供参考。     

简析环境保护与可持续性发展

随着人类社会不断消耗资源获取发展之后，人们开始将注意力转移到环境保护上，并在生产、生活实践中广泛融入了环境保护的概念。分析了农业生态环境、水体环境以及建筑环境的保护与可持续性发展的关系，论述了一些新技术在环境保护中的应用前景，并结合国家可持续发展的相关政策，给有关部门提出了相关建议与意见。     

我国现行清洁生产法律制度的不足与完善

清洁生产是环境污染预防政策的核心，在我国的推行过程中遇到了许多困难，文中指出了这些存在的问题，阐述了完善我国请洁生产的环境法制建设的基本思想，提出了推行清洁生产的方式，以及将清洁生产融入现行环境法各项基本制度的具体途径，并建议我国应重视运用经济政策手段进行环境管理。     

大中型水库移民后期扶持政策绩效及影响因素分析

基于JX省6 730户水库移民调查数据,采用Logistic模型分析了大中型水库移民后期扶持政策（2006~2010年）实施绩效及影响因素。结果表明,移民后期扶持政策对改善移民发展环境、提高水库移民生产生活水平、推动库区及安置区经济社会快速平稳发展发挥了积极作用;移民对政策宣传、直补资金发放和技能培训的满意与响应程度对库区及安置区的社会稳定会产生较大影响。在此基础上提出了注重政策宣传、关注风险防范、强化生产扶持等政策建议,从而完善了后期扶持政策内容、提升了政策绩效。     

关于发布《废电池污染防治技术政策》的通知：废电池污染防治技术政策

1．1为引导废电池环境管理和处理处置、资源再生技术的发展，规范废电池处理处置和资源再生行为，防止环境污染，促进社会和经济的可持续发展，根据《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》等有关法律、法规、政策和标准，制定本技术政策。本技术政策随社会经济、技术水平的发展适时修订。     

浙江省太阳能热水器质量检测的发展

一引言 在能源与环境问题日益突出的前提下,国家出台了一系列可再生能源促进法规政策。这些政策的出台为太阳能热水器产业的迅猛发展带来了巨大的发展空间和机遇。在国家利好政策的促进下,以及在浙江省产业发展政策的指引下,浙江省太阳能热水器生产企业数量激增,产品生产能力迅速扩大。由于新投产企业生产工艺的不稳定性和作坊型企业生产质量管理体系的缺失,造成太阳能热水器存在一些质量问题。     

2013 年太阳能光热产业发展报告

介绍了2013年产业运行概况;详细分析了2013年以来科技创新的八大领域;总结了太阳能热利用热水向采暖空调、家用向工程、民用向工农业生产、低温向中高温应用4个方向扩展的成效;结合国内环境与政策,给出了产业发展存在的问题。     

国外热电联产发展政策、经验及我国发展分布式小型热电联产的前景

热电联产被公认为2l世纪的清洁能源，工业性的应用已经较为广泛，商业设施和区域供热方面的应用也有很大发展。生产技术上的特殊性造成其发展依然面临着很多困难，需要政策扶持。然而全社会对环保、对能源安全的共识又为其提供了良好的发展机遇。根据联合国亚太经济与社会委员会的相关报告，热电联产事业面临的障碍可以归纳为：1)技术障碍；2)经济激励措施的缺失；3)政策框架尚不完善；4)电力工业的短视；5)对环境保护缺乏重视。另外还有技术和管理人才的缺乏等。这些障碍在中国都不同程度地存在，发展热电联产要从以上各方面共同推进。而西方国家在发展热电联产的过程中，在国家能源结构和供求情况、全球环境政策、电力和燃料市场自由化等国内和国际因素的影响下，能源政策随之变化，热电联产事业也历经起伏。由于他们起步较早，技术和政策方面的基础较强，电力市场化改革也在进行中，它们的经验，会对中国的热电联产事业发展有所启迪。下面我们介绍一些具有代表性的国家发展热电的努力。在文章的最后，我们还将重点讨论热电技术中极有前途的小型分散式热电联产技术。     

利用厌氧发酵技术综合治理畜牧业污染的探讨

随着现代化农业的发展，畜牧业在农业所占比例加大，但带来了严重的环境污染问题，为解决发展与环境的矛盾，我们提出利用沼气厌氧发酵的技术综合治理畜牧业污染的工艺路线，以沼气中温厌氧发酵为主，畜禽粪便经固液分离生产有机肥，发酵后沼液用以生产无公害果品、蔬菜等措施，形成闭路良性生态循环，从而取得环境、生态、能源综合效益。     

中外能源环境税比较与启示

能源活动引发的环境问题已日益威胁到人类的生存。基于这一现实,发达国家已经开始采取各种政策手段去调节能源活动主体的生产和消费行为。在众多政策手段中,能源环境税收以其对市场的扭曲程度小、对提高能源使用效率的刺激作用强、对污染行为的调控力度大等优势成为环境管理的热点。本文首先阐述了能源环境税收的基本结构,在此基础上通过对比发达国家和中国的能源环境税收体系和政策,探讨了其成功经验对我国的启示。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.