一种基于 Contourlet 变换的彩色图像全息水印算法

提出了一种结合了全息水印加密技术和 Contourlet 变换技术的彩色图像水印算法。 算法首先将 RGB 模式的水印载体图像转换至 YCrCb 颜色空间,选取亮度分量作为水印载体通道,对其进行多层 Contourlet 分解,得到细节子带图像;而后对二值水印图像进行傅里叶全息加密,将加密后的图像嵌入至载体图像的 Contourlet变换系数中。 仿真实验结果表明,该水印算法具有良好的不可见性,对于常见的几何变换及多种攻击具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Quantization index modulation-based image watermarking using digital holography

We propose a blind watermarking method where the watermark is a hologram itself. In the proposed approach, the quantized phase of the hologram is embedded into the wavelet-transformed host image using quantization index modulation. In the detection stage, wavelet transform of the watermarked image followed by a minimum distance decoder is used. The proposed method is blind since it requires only information about the quantizers and the parameters of the hologram recording process. The robustness of the proposed technique is tested against several attacks such as filtering, compression, occlusion, and cropping. Moreover, we discuss the effect of quantization of the hologram on the reconstruction quality.     

强鲁棒性全息水印算法

提出了一种强鲁棒性变换域全息水印算法。首先将RGB模式彩色载体图像分离通道,分块后运用DCT转换到变换域,将奇异值分解与傅里叶全息技术结合起来,改善了传统全息水印抗滤波差及不可旋转的缺点。计算机仿真结果表明:该算法能够满足人眼对含水印图像的质量要求,重建的水印与原水印图像相似度高;该算法能够抵抗常见的多种攻击并兼顾了水印安全性与不可见性,在版权保护与信息隐藏的实际应用中具有重要意义。     

抗打印扫描彩色图像水印算法

目的设计一种适用于彩色打印扫描图像的鲁棒性盲水印算法。方法结合四元数傅里叶变换及离散小波变换的优点,提出了一种双变换域全息水印算法。利用四元数傅里叶变换及离散小波变换,将全息水印信息分散嵌入到彩色宿主图像3个色彩分量的低频小波系数区域,而不引起大的图像失真,同时,算法实现了盲提取。结果算法满足不可见性要求,同时打印扫描实验证明,该算法具有抵抗打印扫描攻击的能力。结论结合四元数傅里叶变换及离散小波变换的双变换域水印算法,保留了2种变换域在处理彩色图像中的优点,在应用于打印扫描彩色图像时,效果比现有算法更好。     

抗几何形变全息水印防伪技术

目的为了提高水印的抗几何攻击能力,以DCT(余弦变换)变换生产全息水印,并通过DCT嵌入宿主图像的中频区域,结合Randon变换技术,使得水印拥有良好的抗裁切和几何形变性能。方法首先,根据FFT(傅里叶变换)和DCT全息的成像特点介绍全息水印。然后,通过计算机系统将原始图像与参考光干涉,生成全息图像后经DCT变换,利用DCT嵌入到宿主图像的Y通道中。最后,结合Randon变换算法检测扫描图像倾斜角度。结果以嵌入强度a为0.4嵌入打印扫描后,含水印图像的PSNR值达到39.53,提取水印SSIM达到0.783。嵌入水印有很强的不可见性,提取水印清晰,嵌入量较大,有一定的鲁棒性。结论该算法能够快速、准确地从受到旋转、滤波、噪声、裁切和几何形变等攻击的宿主图像中提取水印。     

数字全息水印在印刷半色调图像中的应用

在印刷半色调图像中嵌入特定信息可用于印刷品的保护和认证。设计了一种新颖的应用于非数字形式印刷半色调图像中的信息隐藏算法,将原始水印信息制成菲涅耳全息图,以此作为水印信息,利用离散小波变换算法嵌入到宿主图像中,以实现信息隐藏。该算法利用全息图独特的不可撕毁性来增强水印的鲁棒性。实验结果表明,该算法对图像半色调化攻击具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Generalized joint fractional fourier transform correlators: a compact approach

Fractional correlation was introduced recently. We generalize the architecture of a joint (Fourier) transform correlator (JTC) to achieve the joint fractional (Fourier) transform correlator (JFrTC) such that fractional correlation can be obtained. Here the Fourier transform in the JTC is replaced by the fractional Fourier transform, and four different JFrTC architectures can be implemented. The mathematical derivations for these JFrTC architectures are given, together with the simulation verifications. The JFrTC can provide a correlation signal similar to a delta function but with a small discrimination ratio, such that it is insensitive to additive noise. In a conventional JTC the distance between the two desired correlation signals at the output plane is fixed and depends on the distance between the input and the reference signals. However, with a given fractional order and an additional phase mask the separation distance between the two correlation signals at the output plane of a JFrTC can be larger or smaller than that of a JTC. This property is useful for the applications of real-time target tracking. Unlike in a previous approach [Appl. Opt. 36, 7402 (1997)], we need only two fractional Fourier transformations instead of three to achieve fractional correlation.     

Digital watermarking by a holographic technique

A holographic technique is applied for digital watermarking by a computer. A digital-watermark image to be hidden is phase modulated in a random fashion, and its Fourier-transformed hologram is superposed on a content image. The watermark is reconstructed by means of a holographic-reconstruction technique from the bit-map image that hides it. In the study the processes of constructing and reconstructing a digital hologram are described on the basis of the theory of Fourier optics. The conditions for superposing the hologram onto the content images are investigated in detail. The validity of the present method is verified by changing the weighting of the hologram relative to that of the content image. The effect of image size is also discussed with respect to reconstruction of the watermark, and it is shown that watermark information in a form of a diffuse-type Fourier-transform hologram cannot be removed by cutting it out of the host image.     

一种抗任意角度旋转的全息水印算法

目的针对目前数字水印在抗旋转攻击方面鲁棒性较差等问题,提出一种基于DWT变换和仿射变换的抗任意角度旋转的数字全息水印算法。方法首先对数字水印进行全息加密,保证水印的安全性;结合DWT变换,将水印信息嵌入载体图像;然后通过仿射变换实现图像的角度校正,进而实现抗任意角度旋转攻击及其他常见攻击。结果水印在受到各种攻击后,仍能被有效提取,尤其是抗任意角度旋转攻击,NC值均大于0.6。结论提出的算法对任意角度旋转攻击有较强的鲁棒性,可以有效地从含水印的图像中提取水印信息,保证了水印的安全性和有效性。     

加网参数与水印抗印刷攻击性能研究

目的 为实现数字水印技术由数字版权保护到印刷品防伪领域的移植应用,考察水印对不同加网线数、网线角度的鲁棒性和不可见性。方法 以DWT域全息水印算法为例,将水印图像制成全息图后,嵌入到宿主图像C、M、Y或K通道的DWT域,获得含水印图像,对含水印图像进行不同加网线数、网线角度的模拟加网实验。结果 实验表明,加网后水印的鲁棒性和不可见性随加网线数提升而提升,可接受的最低加网线数为120 lpi。相同加网线数条件下,网线角度为45°时,提取的水印质量较0°、15°和75°偏低。结论 45°加网角度虽然适合单色印刷,但是对水印造成的攻击也最为显著,因此应规避加网角度为45°的颜色通道作为水印嵌入位置。     

Robust image watermarking scheme against geometric attacks using a computer-generated hologram

Robustness against geometric attacks is one of the most important issues in digital watermarking. A novel geometric robust watermarking scheme that uses computer-generated holograms as the watermark is presented. To maintain imperceptibility and robustness, a quantization embedding algorithm is adopted to embed the mark hologram into the low-frequency subband of the wavelet-transformed host image. In the detection process, the geometric distorted watermarked images are recovered first by the proposed improved geometric correction method, which is based on the scale invariant feature transform, the invariant centroid, and the pulse coupled neural network. Then the mark holograms are extracted from the recovered images. In comparison with the traditional geometric estimation method, the suggested improved geometric correction method can estimate the geometric distortion parameters more accurately and needs less auxiliary information. Compared with other watermark schemes using digital holograms, the proposed method has the distinct advantage of robustness to geometric attacks. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has good robustness to resist geometric attacks and common attacks including rotation, scaling, translation, image flipping, combined attacks, filtering, occlusion, cropping, and JPEG compression.     

窄色域抗打印扫描全息水印算法

目的为了提升水印抗打印扫描攻击的鲁棒性,提出一种窄色域抗打印扫描全息水印算法。方法制作打印机的ICC特性文件,应用特性文件转换宿主图像到CMYK颜色模式,从而获得适应该设备的窄色域,将制成全息图的水印嵌入到宿主图像的DWT域内。结果实验表明,该算法经历打印扫描后可顺利提取水印,且打印扫描后获得的水印图像保真度较高。与在RGB颜色模式中嵌入水印相比,该算法水印的鲁棒性和宿主图像的保真度均具有明显优势;相较于嵌入水印到默认转换的CMYK颜色模式,鲁棒性相当,该算法宿主图像的保真度具有明显优势。结论该窄色域算法可提升打印扫描过程中颜色传递的一致性,结合全息图不可撕毁的优势权衡了鲁棒性与保真度的关系,该算法有益于数字水印在防伪印刷领域的应用。     

Image watermarking by use of digital holography embedded in the discrete-cosine-transform domain

Digital holography techniques can be utilized to implement image watermarking schemes. In a previous method proposed by Takai and Mifune [Appl. Opt. 41,865 (2002)], a watermark image is transformed into a digital Fourier hologram, which then is directly superposed onto a content image to perform the embedding process. In the detection stage, the watermark is extracted based on the inverse Fourier transform and optical holography techniques. A method in which the hologram is superposed on the discrete-cosine-transform domain of the content image is proposed to significantly improve Takai and Mifune's method. The proposed method can greatly reduce the degradation on the superposed image, which is the major drawback in Takai and Mifune's method. Simulation results also demonstrate that the watermark can be successfully extracted under different kinds of attack.     

Reference phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

A novel reference phase-encoded joint transform correlation technique is proposed for efficient multiple-target detection. The proposed method employs phase encoding for the reference image and nonlinear Fourier plane apodization to optimize the detection performance. Existing joint transform correlators (JTC's) require multistep on-line processing to eliminate the false alarms. The proposed reference phase-encoded JTC overcomes false-target detection by eliminating the false correlation peaks while alleviating the effects of noise and other artifacts in just one step, thus ensuring higher processing speed. This technique yields only one peak per target instead of a pair of peaks produced by alternate JTC's. An all-optical implementation for the reference phase-encoded JTC technique is proposed, and computer simulation results are presented.     

A secure authentication watermarking for halftone and binary images

An authentication watermark is a hidden data inserted into an image that can be used to detect any accidental or malicious alteration in the image. Many authentication‐watermarking techniques for continuous‐tone images are described in the literature, but only a quite small number of secure authentication watermarking techniques are available for binary/halftone images. This article proposes a simple solution for inserting a secure authentication watermark in binary/halftone images. It consists of choosing a set of pseudo‐random pixels in the image, clearing them, computing the message authentication code (or the digital signature) of the now‐cleared image, and inserting the resulting code into the selected random pixels. Dispersed‐dot halftone images watermarked by the proposed technique present better visual quality than do watermarked generic binary images. However, in practice, the visual degradation is hardly noticeable in either case. The proposed technique seems to be the only binary/halftone watermarking scheme that can detect even a single pixel alteration in the host image. It can be used with secret‐key or public‐key ciphers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 14, 147–152, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20018     

New scheme of digital watermarking using an adaptive embedding strength applied on multiresolution filed by 9/7 wavelet

Digital image watermarking is still a new field for research. In fact, digital watermarking is the best tool for the copyright protection and the authentication of the digital data. Researches are interested in the tradeoff that exists between the insertion capacity, the imperceptibility, and the robustness. The embedding function has a great influence on these characteristics. Channel coding techniques are used to reduce the error probability of the hidden watermark. On the other hand, the watermark strength is adapted according to human visual perception. In this article, we present a new scheme to achieve the embedding function in the framework of a robust and nonblind watermarking in multiresolution field by 9/7 wavelet of Daubechies. Indeed, we replace the constant embedding strength by a variable coefficient based on the logarithmic function. This coefficient is adaptive according to the magnitude of the wavelet transform magnitude that will be watermarked. This adaptive scheme reduces the computational error and enhances the robustness and the imperceptibility. Experimental results are presented to show that our scheme gives a better correlation and an improved PSNR. They demonstrate that the detection is enhanced. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 16, 249–257, 2006     

基于图像校正的抗几何变换全息水印算法

目的提出了一种基于图像校正的抗几何变换全息水印算法。方法在水印嵌入时,将原始二值水印图像,利用共轭对称延拓傅里叶计算全息方法生成全息水印,并嵌入在原始图像小波变换的对角线高频系数中,逆变换得到含水印图像。在含水印图像的DFT域中嵌入模版信息,在水印提取时,首先利用模版信息对图像进行校正,然后提取水印信息。结果该算法保留了全息水印的优良特性,结合了模版匹配校正技术,可以有效抵抗滤波、噪声、裁切、JPEG压缩、旋转、等比例缩放及其组合攻击。结论该算法在实际应用中能有效抵抗几何攻击,可以应用于数字图像的版权保护中。     

基于小波变换的傅里叶加密印刷水印算法研究

在研究傅里叶加密全息技术、数字水印技术和小波理论的基础上,提出了一种基于小波变换的傅里叶加密印刷水印算法。利用该算法重建水印,有效地抑制了载体图像的低频分量对水印产生的噪声的影响;使能量分布在图像的所有像素上,具有良好的抗裁切能力;算法采用密钥加强了水印的安全性。实验表明:嵌入水印的图像一次印刷可检测,二次扫描印刷提取的水印脆弱,可以抵抗基本的图像处理操作。     

基于 DWT-SVD 和 QR 码的抗几何攻击数字水印技术

目的为了抵御QR码数字水印图像的几何攻击,提出一种基于奇异值分解和离散小波变换的数字水印技术。方法利用QR码编码规则,将文本信息编码生成宿主图像;将宿主图像进行对数极坐标变换,然后进行一级小波分解,利用奇异值分解原理在其低频分块中嵌入置乱后的水印图像,形成含水印的QR码图像。结果实验结果表明,该算法可以使QR码水印图像抵抗旋转、缩放、平移(RST)等几何攻击。结论算法有良好的鲁棒性和不可见性,能够作为一个可行的版权保护和认证的工具。     

基于CMYK颜色空间的光全息水印算法研究

在印刷CMYK颜色空间、傅里叶全息加密和数字水印理论的基础上,提出了基于CMYK颜色空间的光全息水印算法。该算法不用转换颜色空间,避免了未印刷就人为导致水印信息的丢失,提高了重建水印的相似度;解密时,由于傅里叶变换的特性,重建水印的共轭图像与原水印图像互相叠加,增强了重建水印的清晰度。实验结果表明,该算法有较好的不可见性和较强鲁棒性,可以抵抗一般图像处理等操作。