Flowfield and heat transfer past an unshrouded gas turbine blade tip with different shapes

This paper describes the numerical investigations of flow and heat transfer in an unshrouded turbine rotor blade of a heavy duty gas turbine with four tip configurations. By comparing the calculated contours of heat transfer coefficients on the flat tip of the HP turbine rotor blade in the GE-E³ aircraft engine with the corresponding experimental data, the κ-ω turbulence model was chosen for the present numerical simulations. The inlet and outlet boundary conditions for the turbine rotor blade are specified as the real gas turbine, which were obtained from the 3D full stage simulations. The rotor blade and the hub endwall are rotary and the casing is stationary. The influences of tip configurations on the tip leakage flow and blade tip heat transfer were discussed. It’s showed that the different tip configurations changed the leakage flow patterns and the pressure distributions on the suction surface near the blade tip. Compared with the flat tip, the total pressure loss caused by the leakage flow was decreased for the full squealer tip and pressure side squealer tip, while increased for the suction side squealer tip. The suction side squealer tip results in the lowest averaged heat transfer coefficient on the blade tip compared to the other tip configurations.     

不同叶顶结构对燃气透平动叶顶部气膜冷却性能的影响

对不同叶顶结构的GE-E3叶片的气膜冷却现象进行了数值研究,比较了三种不同的叶顶结构：平顶、凹槽顶和平顶开槽孔结构在叶顶部的流动和冷却现象,并分析了吹风比对这三种结构的冷却性能的影响。发现凹槽顶和平顶开槽孔在结构上具有相似性;在叶顶开槽后,既降低了射流动量,又降低了顶端泄漏流速,有助于提高冷却效果,同时由于凹槽顶的槽比开槽孔的槽大,冷却气体和燃气在槽内充分混合,使得凹槽顶结构具有最高的冷却效率值和最低的换热系数值,平顶开槽孔结构次之。     

凹槽式叶顶流动换热的数值研究

针对叶尖间隙高度对凹槽式叶顶流动与换热的影响展开数值研究,评估4种湍流模型在叶顶换热方面的预测能力.结果表明：凹槽肩壁顶部、凹槽腔底部近前缘区域和叶顶尾缘为高换热区,凹槽腔底的中部和尾部区域为低换热区;不同湍流模型对叶尖间隙泄漏量预测差别很小,但泄漏流流动状态差异很大,这是造成不同湍流模型对叶顶换热预测存在重大差别的原因;在研究的间隙范围内,叶尖间隙泄漏量和叶顶换热强度随间隙高度的增大而增加;在所选的4种湍流模型中,k-ω模型是叶顶换热数值模拟较好的湍流模型选择.     

Numerical investigation of the unsteady tip leakage flow and rotating stall inception in a transonic compressor

<正>It is well known that tip leakage flow has a strong effect on the compressor performance and stability. This paper reports on a numerical investigation of detailed flow structures in an isolated transonic compressor rotor-NASA Rotor 37 at near stall and stalled conditions aimed at improving understanding of changes in 3D tip leakage flow structures with rotating stall inception.Steady and unsteady 3D Navier-Stokes analyses were conducted to investigate flow structures in the same rotor.For steady analysis,the predicted results agree well with the experimental data for the estimation of compressor rotor global performance.For unsteady flow analysis, the unsteady flow nature caused by the breakdown of the tip leakage vortex in blade tip region in the transonic compressor rotor at near stall condition has been captured with a single blade passage.On the other hand, the time-accurate unsteady computations of multi-blade passage at near stall condition indicate that the unsteady breakdown of the tip leakage vortex triggered the short length-scale-spike type rotating stall inception at blade tip region.It was the forward spillage of the tip leakage flow at blade leading edge resulting in the spike stall inception. As the mass flow ratio is decreased,the rotating stall cell was further developed in the blade passage.     

间隙变化对轴流压气机转子近失速工况叶顶流场的影响研究

为研究间隙变化对轴流压气机转子近失速工况下叶顶流场结构的影响,以轴流压气机转子Rotor37为研究对象,对其叶顶流场进行定常和非定常的数值模拟。计算结果表明：随着叶顶间隙的减小,压气机的总压比和等熵效率均有所提高,稳定运行范围扩大;2倍设计间隙下,叶尖泄漏涡经激波作用后发生膨胀破碎,堵塞来流通道,诱发压气机堵塞失速;0.5倍设计间隙下,吸力面流动分离加剧,发生回流,部分回流与来流在压力面前缘上游发生干涉,进口堵塞加剧,致使部分来流从前缘溢出,导致压气机叶尖失速;不同间隙下压气机失速过程的主导因素不同,大间隙下失速由叶尖泄漏涡破碎的非定常波动引起,小间隙下失速主要由流动分离引发的周期性前缘溢流所主导。     

汽轮机叶顶间隙内非定常流动的数值分析

为了分析叶顶间隙泄漏涡的影响范围、运行轨迹和强度的变化规律,以某汽轮机高压级为研究对象,采用SSTκ-ω湍流模型,应用PISO算法对叶项间隙内的非定常流动进行了数值模拟．结果表明：叶顶间隙泄漏流是有规律的周期性的非定常流动,泄漏涡的影响范围、运行轨迹和强度随时间和叶顶间隙的变化而变化;泄漏流对主流的影响呈现出从弱到强、再从强到弱的周期性变化规律;叶顶间隙泄漏涡在丁／4时刻的强度和影响范围均达到最大,在T／2时刻,静叶脱落涡和动叶吸力面前部的泄漏涡混合形成新的涡系,而动叶吸力面后部的泄漏涡却与其边界层的脱涡混合,离开吸力面．     

Effects of a kind of non-smooth blade on the unsteady flow field at the exit of an axial fan

An experimental investigation of effects of a kind of streamwise-grooved blade on the unsteady flow field at an exit of an axial-flow fan was performed. The flow field at 25% chord downstream from the trailing edge at hub was measured using a fast-response five-hole pressure probe at different mass-flow conditions. The unsteady flow of the grooved blades was compared with that of the smooth blades. The measurement results indicate that： （1） the grooved blades restrain the velocity fluctuation and the pressure fluctuation by modulating the blade boundary layers, which contributes to the flow loss reduction in the hub region and in the rotor wake region at the design condition; （2） the stream-wise grooves play an important role in restraining the radial migration in the blade boundary layer and abating the tip flow mixing, which contributes to the flow loss reduction in the tip region at the design condition; （3） at the near stall condition, the grooved surface can not reduce the flow loss, even increase the loss nearby when the separation happens in the blade boundary layer.     

A study of the unsteady tip flow field of a transonic compressor

An experimental investigation on the unsteady tip flow field of a transonic compressor rotor has been performed.The casing-mounted high frequency response pressure transducers were arranged along both the blade chord and the blade pitch.The chord-wise ones were used to indicate both the ensemble averaged and time varying flow structure of the tip region of the rotor at different operating points under 95% design speed and 60% design speed.The pitch-wise circumferential transducers were mainly used to analyze the unsteadiness frequency of the tip leakage flow in the rotor frame at the near stall condition.The contours of casing wall pressure show that there were two clear low pressure regions in blade passages,one along the chord direction,caused by the leakage flow and the other along the tangential direction,maybe caused by the forward swept leading edge.Both low pressure regions were originated from the leading edge and formed a scissor-like flow pattern.At 95% design speed condition,the shock wave interacted with the low pressure region and made the flow field unsteady.With the mass flow reduced,the two low pressure regions gradually contracted to the leading edge and then a spike disturbance emerged.     

Effects of suction side squealer tip on the performance of a low-speed axial compressor

This paper presents the investigation of the effects of suction side squealer tip on the performance of an axial compressor.The experiment is carried out in a single-stage large-scale low-speed compressor.The investigated tip geometries include flat tip as the baseline and suction side squealer tip.The tip clearance of the baseline is 0.5% of the blade span.The static pressure rise characteristic curves of both the rotor and the stage are measured.The flow field at the exit of the rotor is measured by a 5-hole probe under design and off-design conditions.The static pressure on the endwall of the rotor passage is also obtained.The results show that the pressure rise characteristic curves obtained by measuring the pressure on the end wall are almost unchanged by using the suction side squealer tip.The measuring results of the 5-hole probe show the static pressure and the total pressure in tip region is slightly greater than that of the flat tip at the design condition at the exit of the rotor.It also leads to greater av-eraged static pressure rise and total pressure.At the near stall condition,the averaged static pressure and total pressure is lower than the baseline which is related to the redistribution of the blade load caused by the suction side squealer tip.     

Heat transfer and aerodynamics of complex shroud leakage flows in a low-pressure turbine

A numerical investigation on over-shroud & inter-shroud leakage flow has been carried out to explore the underneath flow physics at the stage of shrouded Low Pressure(LP) turbine.Compared with the No inter-Shroud gap’s Leakage flow Model(NSLM) and With inter-Shroud gap’s Leakage flow Model(WSLM),the aerodynamic characteristics and the heat transfer performance have been studied.Through the aerodynamic point of view,it is concluded that due to the pressure difference between the rotor’s passage and the over-shroud cavity,in the stream-wise direction,flow structure has been modified,and the inter-shroud leakage flow may even cause flow separation in the vicinity of the blade passage’s throat.In the circumferential direction,separation flows appear over the rotor’s shroud surface(upper platform of the shroud).Meanwhile,from the point of view of heat transfer,further provision on contour maps of the non-dimensional Nusselt number reveals that the reattachment of leakage flow would enhance the heat transfer rates and endanger the rotor’s labyrinth fins over the shroud.However,due to the limited amount of inter-shroud leakage flow(current computational model),temperature distribution variation along the blade surface(near the rotor’s tip section) seems to have only minor insignificant differences.At the end of the paper,the author puts forward some recommendations for the purpose of future successful turbine design.     

Circumferential propagation of tip leakage flow unsteadiness for a low-speed axial compressor

Full-annulus three-dimensional unsteady numerical simulations were conducted for a low-speed isolated axial compressor rotor, intending to identify the behavior of self-induced unsteady tip leakage flow within multi-blade passages. There is a critical mass flow rate near stall point, below it, the self-induced unsteadiness of tip leakage flow can propagate circumferentially and thus initiates two circumferential waves. Otherwise, the self-induced unsteady tip leakage flow oscillates synchronously in each single blade passage. The major findings are: 1) while the self-induced unsteadiness of tip leakage flow is a single-passage phenomenon, there exist phase shifts among blade passages in multi-passage environments then evolving into the first short length wave propagating at about two times of rotor rotation speed after the transient period ends; and 2) the time traces of the pseudo sensors located on the rotor blade tips reveal another much longer length-scale wave modulated with the first wave due to phase shift propagating at about half of rotor rotation speed. Features of the short and long length-scale circumferential waves are similar to those of rotating instability and modal wave, respectively.     

汽轮机叶顶汽封间隙内的流动损失分析

为了揭示叶顶汽封结构变化对泄漏损失的影响,提高汽轮机运行效率,数值研究了平齿汽封、高低齿汽封和侧齿汽封3种不同叶顶汽封结构下汽轮机高压转子间隙泄漏的流动形态、间隙涡系的形成机理和发展规律,研究表明:在叶顶汽封腔室复杂的周向螺旋状的涡动中,泄漏流体的周向速度是影响漩涡耗散的一个重要因素;高低齿及侧齿的汽封结构可以增强漩涡之间的相互作用,降低泄漏流体的周向速度,使漩涡在腔室内的耗散更加充分;由于掺混损失降低,高低齿及侧齿汽封的泄漏总损失较平齿汽封相比分别下降7.1%和9.8%。     

Numerical simulation of tip clearance flow passive control in axial turbine

This paper focuses on the effects of five different passive turbine tip clearance flow control methods on the tip clearance flow physics, which consists of a partial suction side squealer tip, a double squealer tip, a pressure side tip shelf with inclined squealer tip on a double squealer tip, a tip platform extension edge in pressure side and in suction side respectively. A pressure-correction based, 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations CFD code with Reynolds Stress Model was adopted. The variable specific heat was considered. The detailed tip clearance flow field with different squealer rims was described with the streamline and the velocity vector. Accordingly, the mechanisms of five passive controls were elucidated; the effects of the passive controls on turbine efficiency and tip clearance flow field were illuminated. The results showed that the secondary flow loss near the outer casing including the tip leakage losses and the passage vortex losses could be reduced in all the five passive control methods. The turbine efficiency could be increased via the rational passive turbine tip clearance flow control. The Improved PS Squealer had the best effect on turbine efficiency, and the efficiency increased by 0.215%.     

燃气透平第一级叶片燃气侧的流动与换热特性研究

对某重型燃气轮机透平第一级叶栅通道内无气膜冷却下的三维黏性流动与传热特性进行了数值模拟,对比了不同来流湍流度对叶片燃气侧流动与换热特性的影响,分析了静叶非定常尾迹对动叶换热特性的影响.结果表明:来流湍流度对静叶表面的换热特性有明显的影响,但对动叶表面换热特性的影响很小;静叶尾迹对动叶表面的换热特性影响较大.     

基于SPOD方法的压气机转子叶顶区域非定常流动分析

为了研究叶顶区域非定常流动特性,对跨声速轴流压气机转子NASA Rotor37在多工况下进行了三维非定常数值模拟,采用谱本征正交分解（Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition,SPOD）方法从叶顶区域流场中提取出时空耦合的单频相干结构进行分析。研究结果表明：相比于常规分析方法,SPOD方法能够高效地从非定常流场中识别出流动特征,有助于揭示叶顶区域流动规律;在“小流量”工况下叶顶区域流动呈现出强的非定常性,且随着质量流率的减小叶顶区域非定常流动增强、波动范围增加、波动频率呈现出“阶跃式”下降;造成叶顶区域流场非定常周期性波动的主要原因是叶顶间隙泄漏涡破碎区的扰动以及叶顶间隙泄漏涡破碎后与主流相互作用所形成的叶尖二次涡的波动。     

System identification modeling and unstable behavior of the dynamics of flows within the tip region of an axial compressor blade passage

In recent years, the correlation coefficient of pressure data from the same blade passage in an axial compressor unit has been used to characterize the state of flow in the blade passage. In addition, the correlation coefficient has been successfully used as an indicator for active control action using air injection. In this work, the correlation coefficient approach is extended to incorporate system identification algorithms in order to extract a mathematical model of the dynamics of the flows within a blade passage. The dynamics analyzed in this research focus on the flow streams and pressure along the rotor blades as well as on the unsteady tip leakage flow from the rotor tip gaps. The system identification results are used to construct a root locus plot for different flow coefficients, starting far away from stall to near stall conditions. As the compressor moves closer to stall, the poles of the identified models move towards the imaginary axis of the complex plane, indicating an impending instability. System frequency data is captured using the proposed correlation based system identification approach. Additionally, an oscillatory tip leakage flow is observed at a flow coefficient away from stall and how this oscillation changes as the compressor approaches stall is an interesting result of this research. Comparative research is analyzed to determine why the oscillatory flow behavior occurs at a specific sensor location within the tip region of the rotor blade.     

Unsteady tip clearance flow in an isolated axial compressor rotor

Introduction Background It is well known that the rotor tip clearance flow has profound effects on the performance and stability of axial compressor (Wisler[1], Howard[2]). Numerous studies on the tip clearance flow were carried out in the past fifty years. Rain[3] proposed a model to predict the loss due to tip leakage flow assuming that the kinetic energy of the leakage flow velocity component normal to the mean chamber line would be dissipated. Lakshminarayana[4] developed a model to pre…     

Numerical study of film cooled rotor leading edge with tip clearance in 1-1/2 turbine stage

Numerical simulations were performed to predict the film cooling effectiveness and the associated heat transfer coefficient in a 1-1/2 turbine stage. The leading edge of the rotor blade is film cooled with three rows of film cooling holes. The rotor tip leakage has been investigated for a clearance of 0.8% of blade span. Sliding grid is used for the rotor domain, and interface technique is employed to exchange information between stator and rotor domains. Simulations were carried out for both design and off-design conditions to investigate the effects of the stator–rotor interaction on the film cooling characteristics. The commercial code FLUENT with Reynolds stress model is used in the prediction. It is found that the tilted stagnation line on the rotor leading edge moves from the pressure side to the suction side, and the instantaneous coolant streamlines shift from the suction side to the pressure side with the increasing rotating speed. For the fixed inlet/outlet pressure ratio of turbine stage, the high rpm reduces the heat transfer coefficient on the rotor due to the low rotor relative velocity, and increases the “sweet spot” on the rotor tip. These trends are well supported by the experimental results.     

透平叶顶气膜冷却效果数值研究

采用三维数值模拟方法,研究了GE E3发动机第一级透平动叶叶顶间隙内的气膜流动与换热特性,评估了气膜吹风比M分别为0.5、1.0和1.5时,对叶顶换热系数以及冷却效率的影响.计算结果表明:叶顶气膜冷却空气改变了叶顶泄漏流动特性,随着吹风比的增加,叶顶间隙内的泄漏流动区域不断缩小,从而导致叶顶间隙泄漏量不断减小;随着气膜冷却吹风比的增大,叶顶平均换热系数逐步降低;在M=1时,冷却效果最佳.     

The Self-induced unsteadiness of tip leakage flow in an axial low-speed compressor with single circumferential casing groove

Numerical investigation on the self-induced unsteadiness of tip leakage flow （TLF） for an axial low-speed com- pressor with smooth wall and six single grooved casings are presented. A ten-passage numerical scheme is used to solve the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） equations. It is found that the single grooves at various axial locations could have a large impact on the self-induced unsteadiness and the stall margin improve- ment （SMI） of compressor. The trend of SMI with groove center location demonstrates that the groove located near the mid of blade tip chord generates the best SMI. The worst groove is located about 20% Cax after the blade leading edge. The root-mean-squre of static pressure （RMSP） contours at 99.5% span and fast Fourier transform for the static pressure traces recorded in the tip clearance region for each casing are analyzed. The results demon- strate that the single groove location not only affects the oscillating strength but also the frequency of the un- steady tip leakage flow. At the near-stall point of smooth casing, the self-induced unsteadiness of TLF is enhanced most by the best grooved casing for SMI. While, the self-induced unsteadiness disappears when the worst groove for SMI is added. The characteristic frequency of TLF is about 0.55 blade passing frequency （BPF） with smooth casing. The frequency components become complicated as the single groove moves from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the blade.