3D standard avatar creation of Korean women in their twenties and thirties by body types for apparel industry

The purposes of this study are to classify body types of Korean women in their twenties and thirties for the creation of the 3D avatars and to propose the representative body size of each body type by analyzing the body size of Korean women in their twenties and thirties, to propose a 3D avatar modeling process design that reflects the body shapes of Korean women in their twenties and thirties, and to present standard 3D avatars of each body type of Korean women in their twenties and thirties which are verified with measurement suitability. The 3D anthropometric data of the Korean Anthropometric Survey (6th Size Korea) conducted in 2010 was used in this study. The collected subjects were 410 Korean women in their twenties and thirties. The 3D avatar modeling process using Maya 2013 was proposed to create the representative 3D avatars show superior measurement suitability. This process includes four steps; Analyzing body size measurements, 2D Image plane design, 3D avatar modeling, and 3D avatar evaluation. The 3D avatars created with this process showed the acceptable range of error. The factor analysis was performed on fifty-five body measurements chosen from the measurements of the 6th Size Korea anthropometric survey. Seven factors were extracted. With the seven extracted factors, body shapes of 406 Korean women in their twenties and thirties are classified into four groups by cluster analysis. The classified groups were named Full & Short, Slim & Short, Full & Tall, and Slim & Tall.     

The 3D scanner for measuring body surface area: a simplified calculation in the Chinese adult

Three-dimensional (3D) surface anthropometry enables us to extend the study to 3D geometry and morphology of mainly external human body tissues. A model is presented for estimation of human body surface area (BSA), which is identical in form to the one proposed in 1916 by DuBois and DuBois is presented. The purpose of this study is to measure BSA, using 3D scanner, and to derive a simple BSA estimation formula for the Chinese adults. In as little as 12s, the Chang Gung Whole-Body Scanner (CGWBS) allows you to capture the shape of the entire human body. The total error in BSA measurement due to scanning measurement and software computational error is less than 1%. The 3D anthropometric measures in a healthy population (n=3951) were investigated, and the results were used to derive a BSA estimation formula. The results seem to be comparable to previous data that measured BSA using traditional methods. The BSA estimation model of this study also validated using 300 new measurements along with the formulae proposed in previous researches. The result suggests that our formula better fits our adults.     

Proteome analysis of body fluids for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarker discovery

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of motor neurons leading to death of the patients, mostly within 2–5 years after disease onset. The pathomechanism of motor neuron degeneration is only partially understood and therapeutic strategies based on mechanistic insights are largely ineffective. The discovery of reliable biomarkers of disease diagnosis and progression is the sine qua non of both the revelation of insights into the ALS pathomechanism and the assessment of treatment efficacies. Proteomic approaches are an important pillar in ALS biomarker discovery. Cerebrospinal fluid is the most promising body fluid for differential proteome analyses, followed by blood (serum, plasma), and even urine and saliva. The present study provides an overview about reported peptide/protein biomarker candidates that showed significantly altered levels in certain body fluids of ALS patients. These findings have to be discussed according to proposed pathomechanisms to identify modifiers of disease progression and to pave the way for the development of potential therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, limitations and advantages of proteomic approaches for ALS biomarker discovery in different body fluids and reliable validation of biomarker candidates have been addressed.     

Kinematic compatibility between the body and a mock spacesuit during basic upper body motions

In this study, a novel conceptual method was tested to study the kinematic mismatch between the body motion of an occupant with respect to a rigid suit. It was hypothesized that differences between body and suit motion would require extra body movement to achieve the desired suit motion. To quantify the mismatch in kinematics, mock upper body suits with an open structure were used in conjunction with a marker-based motion capture system. A 3D motion modeling software was used to determine the range of motion of the suit and body segments of nine participants performing seven basic arm and trunk motions. In general, range of motion of the body segment was found to be higher than the corresponding suit segment range of motion. Differences in range of motion of up to 21.3% were found between corresponding body and suit segments, and significance was found in five of the seven motions.     

基于概念的形状分类和识别

基于中文自然语言中的形状名词,提出了一种基于概念的形状分类方法。利用简单的形状描述参数进行二分类与利用复杂的形状参数进行模糊分类相结合的原则,实现形状分层分类。给出了17类基本形状的分类实验结果,表明该方法的可行性。     

Modeling of female human body shapes for apparel design based on cross mean sets

This paper is concerned with a method to build prototypes of human bodies that can be used for apparel design. One of the most important issues in the apparel development process is to define a sizing system to provide a good fitting for the majority of the population. Since anthropometric measures do not present the same linear growth with size in each dimension, it is very important to find a prototype that represents as accurately as possible each class in the sizing system. In this paper we propose a method based on the concept of random compact mean set to define prototypes in apparel design. From a cloud of 3D points obtained with a 3D scanner a solid that represents the human body is obtained. 2D cross sections of this solid are extracted at certain heights corresponding to key points of the body. These different cross-sections can be seen as a realization of a random compact set in the plane. A very popular definition on mean set is applied to each sample of 2D cross sections, and finally the prototype is obtained as the 3D reconstruction of these 2D mean sections. As a real example, the proposed methodology is applied to the 3D database obtained from a anthropometric survey of the Spanish female population conducted in this country in 2006.     

Research on lower body shape of late pregnant women in Shanghai area of China

Anthropometric data, especially the data of lower body of late-pregnant women, has become an immediate need for ergonomic design of maternity products, such as clothing, related motherhood supplies, maternity support products, and so on. So 55 late pregnant women in Shanghai area of China were randomly selected for this lower body shape research. By anthropometric measurement method 18 dimensions were measured to characterize lower body shape of late pregnant women. Mean values, standard deviations (SD), coefficients of variation, and percentiles for each variable were estimated. It was found that the morphology of hip and abdomen mostly influenced the lower body shape. Then according to the characters of hip and abdomen, the late pregnant women's lower body shapes were divided into two types. Moreover this paper also analyzed the change trend of lower body shape along late pregnancy months (7 to 9th months). As a result of this research, the late pregnant women's lower body shapes were described from different aspects which were thought to provide a guide for the maternity products design.Relevance to industryThe anthropometric data is essential to design reasonable and professional maternity products for late pregnant women, such as maternity support products, maternity clothing and so on. Especially this study can benefit the maternity garment industry. Moreover utilization of the anthropometric data, product designers would be able to outfit to a wider range of target users.     

Effects of age and gender on maximum voluntary range of motion of the upper body joints

The maximum voluntary range of motion (ROM) of the major joints of the upper body was studied in a seated position and compared between young and elderly subjects. A total of 41 subjects (22 young male and female subjects aged 25 to 35 years, 19 elderly male and female subjects aged 65 to 80 years) took part in the experiment. In total, 13 maximum voluntary joint motions were performed by each subject. Age was found to have a non-uniform effect on the ROM of the joints investigated in this study. Its effect on ROM was joint specific and motion specific. The highest loss in ROM was observed in the neck and trunk, especially for neck extension, lateral flexion and axial rotation as well as for trunk lateral flexion and axial rotation. No significant age differences were observed in the elbow and wrist joint ROMs. The effect of gender on joint ROM was much weaker than that of age. Only four among the 26 joint ROMs investigated in this study were significantly different between the two gender groups.     

Segment inertial parameters of Korean adults estimated from three-dimensional body laser scan data

In this study, body segment parameters of Korean adults were estimated using the three-dimensional (3D) body scan data from the SizeKorea database. Mass-inertial parameters and segment dimensions of 40 male subjects and 40 female subjects (18-59 years old) were estimated using a 16-segment model under the assumption that each segment has a constant density distribution after reconstructing the scan data. Therefore, several sets of linear regression functions based on gender, stature, and weight were established, which provided a convenient method for estimating body segment parameters of Korean adults. The obtained mass ratios of body segments were compared with those for Russians reported by Zatsiorsky and Seluyanov (1983) and for those for Chinese and Germans reported by Shan and Bohn (2003), in which the same 16-segment model was used. In addition, the results were compared with the Korean data results reported by [Jung, 1993] and [Lim, 1994], and Park et al. (1999). These comparisons revealed that Asians have larger head mass ratios and smaller lower limb mass ratios than Caucasians, while the differences in the head mass ratios between males and females from the same ethnic groups were not significant. Females were found to have larger mass ratios for the lower torso and smaller mass ratios for the upper torso, middle torso, upper arm, forearm, foot, and hand, as compared to males from the same ethnic groups. In addition, the data obtained by different researchers were compared, thereby showing high reproducibility of our method.

Relevance to industry

The obtained segment parameters can be used to define digital human models and applied to the fields of ergonomics and biomechanics, such as for workspace design, furniture design, vehicle interior design, and human movement analysis.     

Automatic body landmark identification for various body figures

In this paper, we presented automatic body landmark identification algorithms that deals flexibly with the difference in body shapes and reduces the inconsistency resulting from the differences in body shapes. First, the landmark search range was defined using the statistical analysis. Next, body scan direction was identified and it was segmented. Next, automatic landmark identification algorithms were developed for each of the six landmarks and the accuracy was examined for each body shape. The scans were extracted from 5th Size Korea database. This algorithms were successfully tested on various body shapes and improved the robustness.

Relevance to industry

In automatic body measurement systems, the landmark location error occurring at nonstandard body shapes nullifies the advantage of saving time. It also makes the 3D scan measurements unreliable. The improvement of reliability and accuracy of the automatic 3D body measurement algorithm for various human body shapes will reduce the time for performing measurements and be practical for use in human-size-related production processes.     

构建查询需求形式分类体系

查询歧义作为查询分类的子问题在信息检索领域已经得到了很多的关注,现有的研究主要是对查询内容上的歧义进行分类,而忽略了用户查询需求形式上的歧义。该文针对查询需求歧义问题进行了研究,提出了相应的查询需求分类模型。该文利用网页目录构建用户需求形式分类体系及站点列表,在大规模商业搜索引擎日志上进行用户点击覆盖检测,从而得到对查询需求形式的描述。该文的贡献在于提供了一种实际可行的查询需求分类方法,搜索引擎可以根据用户需求的区别调整排序方式,从而改善搜索性能。     

Development of anthropometric data for Bangladeshi male population

An anthropometric study of a group of people is important when designing ergonomic products and workstations for that group. This study surveys the anthropometric dimensions of the Bangladeshi male population between the ages of 15 and 64 years to compare these dimensions with male anthropometrics for different countries available in the literature.     

Construction of an osteomuscular discomfort scale for the upper region of the body of footwear industry workers

The objective of this study was to build a scale of musculoskeletal discomfort for the upper body of footwear industry workers. The self-reported symptoms of 1821 workers were analyzed via exploratory factor analysis and item response theory. The anatomical regions located in the upper body showed ability to discriminate workers with different levels of musculoskeletal discomfort. A scale with six levels was built, ranging from minimal discomfort to maximum discomfort, with greater precision of discomfort scores between 0 and 3. The region of least discomfort on the scale only indicates rare symptoms in the left shoulder. In the region of maximum discomfort, workers experience symptoms in all regions analyzed on a daily basis, with emphasis on the elbows, neck, trapezius, and middle and upper back. The scale has satisfactory psychometric properties to assess musculoskeletal symptoms in footwear industry workers and can be useful in ergonomic studies.     

On upper bounds for the unified algebraic Riccati equation

In recent years, several eigenvalues, norms and determinants bounds have been investigated separately for the solutions of continuous and discrete Riccati equations. In this paper, an upper bound for solution of the unified Riccati equation is presented. In the limiting cases, the result reduces to a new upper bound for the solution of continuous and discrete Riccati equation.     

基于神经网络的主动式红外结冰分类方法研究

针对飞机机翼结冰的特点,提出一种主动式红外结冰冰型探测方法。该方法基于神经网络．通过测量不同冰型的结冰表面下红外激光反射系数．达到对物体结冰表面结冰冰型分类的目的。实验结果表明,该方法能够对物体结冰冰型进行分类,并能做到实时判断的效果。     

Anthropometry of the Singaporean and Indonesian populations

This research collected anthropometric data of the Singaporean and Indonesian populations. The data were mainly from university students. In total, 245 male and 132 female subjects from Indonesia and 206 male and 109 female subjects from Singapore were measured. The Singapore data were divided into three sub-groups, comprising Singapore overall, Singapore citizens, and the Chinese ethnic sub-group. The Indonesians data were divided into two sub-groups, comprising Indonesia citizens and Indonesia Chinese. This study used 36 measurement dimensions. The authors made a comparison with previous anthropometric data collected in 1990 of over a thousand Singaporeans.The main contributions of this study are: i) an updated anthropometric database of Singaporeans and Indonesians, ii) a comparison of the two samples obtained, and iii) a projection of dimensional changes over time from comparing past to more recent anthropometric data. Statistical analyses show that Singaporeans (both male and female) tend to have larger dimensions than Indonesians in general. In addition, the data reveal the current sample to be significantly larger on more than 50 percent of the dimensions measured, for both males and females.In providing instances of possible application, the Body Mass Index (BMI) of all sub-groups was calculated. The results show both samples to have normal indexes with BMIs in the range of 18.5–25.0. This paper presents also an empirical estimation of unknown anthropometric characteristics using the Ratio Scaling Method. The purpose is to estimate uncollected anthropometric data based on a given scaling dimension. Overall, the reported anthropometric data and analyses can be used as relevant consideration in product and systems design.

Relevance to industry

The findings of this study indicate differences between Singaporean and Indonesian anthropometry in the citizen and Chinese sub-groups. The utilization of an updated anthropometric database that incorporates geographical origin and ethnic group is useful. Product designers would be able to cater to a wider range of target users.     

Hand usage pattern and upper body discomfort of desktop touchscreen users

A laboratory study was conducted to determine how users of different handedness interact with desktop touchscreen displays and how the hand usage pattern influences their body discomfort development. Twenty-one participants in three different handedness groups conducted simple web-browsing for 30 minutes using a 23″ touchscreen display while their subjective body discomfort, frequency of use of each hand and touch area preference were periodically quantified. Participants reported a gradual increase in body discomfort during web-browsing, and the increments in body discomfort varied between handedness groups for some body parts. Results also show that right-handed participants had stronger laterality than the left-handed, and ambidextrous participants used both hands more evenly than other participants, suggesting associations between the hand usage pattern and body discomfort development. Findings of the current study suggest that body discomfort of desktop touchscreen display users could be moderated by user-interface improvements and user training.

Practitioner Summary: Body discomfort development of desktop touchscreen users may be influenced by their hand usage pattern. Findings of this laboratory study suggest that user discomfort may be moderated by placing menu items in the lower area within the display or training users to alternate hands when conducting touch gestures.     

Changes in the body size of UK and US children over the past three decades

The major sources of published anthropometric data on children are now over two decades old. Due to concern being expressed regarding the continued validity of such data, changes in the body sizes of the UK child population over the past three decades have been considered. Comparisons were also made between the size of the current UK child population to the current US child population, and to the most comprehensive source of measured data on US children (but which are now over 20 years old). The growth of children in the UK and US over the past three decades was assessed for an indication of secular growth trends. Stature increases were found to have generally been less than body weight increases (as a percentage) at 5th percentile, mean and 95th percentile levels for UK children, and UK children were found to be closer in size to US children now than they were 30 years ago.