气浮式无摩擦气缸设计

简述了无摩擦气缸的定义与应用,根据圆柱活塞间隙密封与带径向两排节流小孔圆柱活塞的密封模型,指出了影响其内泄漏量的主要参数。结合理论分析与经验,设计了一种新型无摩擦气缸及其带径向节流孔与轴向密封槽的气浮活塞,应用计算机仿真技术分析了活塞与缸壁间隙处的气流压力与流速分布,研究表明活塞上密封槽具有提高密封与支撑作用。另外为获取无摩擦气缸的摩擦性能,研究了两种测试方法与装置,根据实验可得活塞表面带密封槽与节流小孔的气浮式气缸活塞向上运动时摩擦力极小,实现了气悬浮。     

转子压缩机三大摩擦损失的影响因素研究

以转子压缩机为例,给出总摩擦功耗占比最高的三大摩擦损失计算公式,并迭代求解滚动活塞角速度,联立滚动活塞与滑片顶端之间的接触力。利用MATLAB软件实现计算过程,研究润滑油黏度、主轴转速、活塞质量、气缸高径比、滚动活塞与气缸端盖间隙等因素对压缩机三大摩擦损失的影响。结果表明:主轴转速对滚动活塞与偏心轮之间的摩擦损失影响较大,且随着转速的增大,摩擦损失也增大;活塞质量对滑片端部与滚动活塞外表面之间的摩擦损失影响最小;滑片与滑片槽之间的摩擦损失随着主轴转速、气缸高径比的增大而增大。该研究为降低各摩擦副处的摩擦损失及总摩擦功耗提供了参考和借鉴。     

基于Fluent的无摩擦气缸活塞结构设计仿真

针对现有气缸-活塞结构径向承载力低、耗气量大以及工作失稳等问题,结合空气轴承的设计思路,提出了一种新颖的无摩擦气缸活塞的设计方法.利用流体仿真软件Fluent,建立了无摩擦气缸活塞的流体模型,并得到了气膜沿活塞轴向的压力分布情况;同时,采用传统理论计算与Fluent仿真计算进行了对比研究,得到了活塞偏心率与径向承载力的关系.研究结果表明,传统理论计算与Fluent仿真计算结果基本吻合,后者在偏心率处于(0.1～0.3)范围内时,承载力计算误差低于3.2％;并且偏心率越小,仿真计算误差越小,说明利用Fluent对气缸活塞结构设计具有正确性以及可靠性.     

高紧凑性交叉斜盘式功率传输机构的特性

为提高朗肯循环中膨胀机的密封性能及功率密度,设计了一种交叉斜盘式功率传输机构来消除活塞与气缸之间的侧向力。建立了交叉斜盘机构的数学模型,分析了机构直线驱动活塞原理及高功率密度实现原理。在此基础上,建立缸内热力学模型,分析缸内气压随主轴转角的关系,并进行了数值计算和仿真分析。通过分析交叉斜盘机构传动过程中的摩擦损耗,研究了机构功率传输特性,进行了气动及电机拖动实验,实验结果与仿真结果基本一致。     

密封圈新结构

气动装置的使用性能在很大程度上取决于活动连接密封部件的结构。这里所介绍的密封圈新结构如图1所示,它具有T形截面,工作可靠,使用寿命长,因为它们在工作时产生的摩擦力很小。装配时(图2a),密封圈3沿气缸2的工作直径D具有过盈,而在活塞槽内则具有间隙k=0.2mm和α=0.1mm.与气缸接触的环形表面的圆弦半径r等于环截面高度h的一半。密封圈的工作情况如下:在供给压缩空气时(图2σ),密封圈在变形的同时沿气缸表面滚到用凸缘(圆周半径r_1)与活塞槽壁接触。在空气压力增加时,密封圈沿气缸表面滑动,压向槽壁,然后与活塞一起运动。     

摩擦副表面气膜屏蔽微细电解加工微织构及摩擦性能分析

采用气膜屏蔽微细电解加工方法在金属平面副、圆柱副表面加工不同阵列形貌微织构。通过试验将该方法与微细电解加工的微织构尺寸精度、表面质量、摩擦性能进行对比,研究结果表明,气膜屏蔽微细电解加工的微织构相比微细电解加工方法加工的微织构平面副及圆柱副凹槽深径比分别提高了约45.6%和25.8%,改善了加工的定域性,提高了加工精度。进一步的摩擦磨损试验结果表明,相较于微细电解加工方法,气膜屏蔽微细电解加工出的平面副及圆柱副微凹槽的表面摩擦因数分别减小了13.6%与16.2%,表面摩擦性能得到了提高。     

内燃机气缸孔表面微织构设计与摩擦性能模拟试验

为提高内燃机气缸孔的使用寿命,根据气缸孔/活塞摩擦副往复运动的特点,采用0.10、0.30、0.50三种织构密度,设计出气缸孔表面两组不同密度组合形式,采用ZY型电路板制作机,在模拟气缸孔的钢块试样表面上分段织构出不同密度的微凹坑,与模拟活塞的钢销试样组成面对面摩擦副进行往复运动摩擦试验。结果表明:气缸孔两组不同密度组合形式表面摩擦系数均随着试验速度的升高而下降,且大多趋于平稳;中间区域织构密度高,两端区域织构密度低组合形式起增摩作用;中间区域织构密度大,两端区域织构密度低组合形式,低速相对运动时减摩效果不太明显,高速时减摩效果显著增强,0.30+0.10+0.30密度组合形式减磨效果较佳,当运动速度分别为0.10m/s、0.20m/s时,气缸孔摩擦系数相对无织构表面分别降低了19.3%和30%。     

迷宫活塞压缩机活塞组件精确导向技术研究(一)——活塞组件运动特性分析

在现行的迷宫活塞压缩机中,活塞往往处于偏心运行状态。在工程中,活塞与气缸之间径向单边间隙达到0.2~0.5 mm,才能避免活塞与气缸镜面的摩擦,然而,该间隙导致泄漏严重,造成压缩机效率较低,这已成为迷宫活塞压缩机向前发展的最大障碍。基于此,建立了往复式迷宫压缩机活塞组件多体动力学仿真模型,分别模拟了活塞杆为刚体和柔体时活塞在气缸中的运动特性,得出了活塞的偏心轨迹及其偏心量,为下一步研究活塞组件的精确定心技术奠定理论依据。     

环形微槽浮动密封的动态特性分析

基于高参数旋转装备对密封低泄漏和长稳定的苛刻要求,提出一种环形微槽浮动密封;考虑偏心气膜收敛问题,定义了Rayleigh台阶对气膜周期的突变性,并应用小扰动法建立瞬态Reynold方程,获得压力和膜厚的扰动微量关系式;构建动态刚度与动态阻尼矩阵,并研究槽型结构与工况对动态特性系数的影响。研究结果表明：交叉刚度kxy和kyx的曲线与交叉阻尼cxy和cyx的曲线分别呈现对称性,主刚度kxx和kyy、主阻尼cxx和cyy的变化规律保持一致;在-20°与30°螺旋角下主刚度达到了最大值;在槽数为10时主刚度、主阻尼达到了最大值,同时交叉刚度之差与交叉阻尼之和趋于0,说明槽数为10时利于密封稳定;在转速超过38 000 r/min后密封系统有可能发生不稳定;压差对密封压力流和剪切流有明显的影响,使得密封系统处于涡动发散阶段;在大偏心下,楔形效应的增强抵抗了气膜压力与厚度分布的不均匀性,有利于涡动收敛,然而气膜厚度的增大增加了密封不稳定性的概率,从而推断出环形微槽浮动密封更适应于小膜厚、低压、高速、大偏心的服役工况。     

热固耦合形变对BOG压缩机迷宫密封间隙的影响

大型BOG往复压缩机的压缩介质温度很低,气缸和活塞体在工作中承受着较大的应力载荷和温度负荷,变量对密封间隙的影响。结果表明:在热固耦合作用下,活塞和气缸两者变形量最大值均发生在活塞向上压缩的行程末端,其中,气缸变形量最大发生在缸体顶沿位置,活塞最大变形发生在活塞顶部端面中间环形部位。模拟分析表明,活塞与气缸产生的变形可使该大型BOG往复式压缩机压缩过程中密檿檿檿檿檿檿檿对活塞与气缸的间隙产生显著影响,并间接影响迷宫密封性能。为研究热固耦合形变对迷宫密封的影响,以某大型BOG往复式压缩机为例,以ANSYS Workbench为仿真平台,采用热固耦合方法对气缸和活塞进行仿真分析,得到气缸与活塞在热固耦合作用下的形变规律,确定其形封间隙增加0. 1～0. 15 mm的变形量。     

Experimental and numerical study of friction in an elastomeric seal for pneumatic cylinders

The behaviour of an elastomeric seal for a pneumatic cylinder piston is analysed in this work. The aim of the paper is to validate experimentally a numerical approach to evaluate seal performance, in actual working conditions.The friction force between seal and the cylinder bore is evaluated through experimental tests and numerical simulations, using a finite element model. Working conditions are simulated for different piston rod velocity and cylinder supply pressure, both in dry conditions, boundary and fluid lubrication conditions. Simulation is obtained by an iterative process that uses the friction coefficient, experimentally measured, as a function of speed and lubrication conditions. Results obtained from experimental tests and numerical simulation are compared to determine the friction force between seal and cylinder bore.     

Lubrication characteristics of dual piston ring in bent-axis type piston pumps

The bent-axis type of piston pump driven by the piston rod works by the piston rod driving the cylinder block; because of this the taper angle of the piston rod and the swivel angle between the cylinder block and the shaft are important design factors. If these factors cannot satisfy the conditions for optimum design, the friction loss between the cylinder bore and the piston increases, and the pump can fail to work under conditions of severe friction and wear. Since the piston reciprocates in the cylinder bore with high velocity, at the same time rotating on its own axis and revolving on the center of the cylinder block, a decrease of the volume efficiency is generated because of the leakage between the cylinder bore and the piston. Therefore, to prevent this, the piston ring is designed to be at the end of the piston, and the friction characteristics between the piston ring and the cylinder bore require further research due to their great influence on the performance of the piston pump. Thus, in this paper, the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis of the film thickness, the pressure distribution, and the friction force, have been studied between the piston ring and the cylinder bore in the bent-axis type of piston pump. The analyzed results show that the friction force is influenced by the rotating speed and the discharge pressure.     

车辆减振器油液微小内泄漏分析

针对车辆减振器油液内泄漏问题,对其内部油液微小内泄漏开展仿真与试验分析。通过数学模型对活塞与缸筒环形缝隙中流体进行理论受力分析,运用Autodesk Inventor软件建立减振器内部环形间隙流体几何模型,利用CFD仿真技术对环形间隙流体三维模型开展仿真分析,通过改变流场速度、压力、湍流动能及温度参数,分析得到影响减振器油液微小内泄漏的主要影响因素;采用伺服示功机对不同活塞速度和环形间隙下的油液内泄漏进行试验测试。结果表明:活塞静止时,节流口速度、压力、湍流动能的变化对环形间隙油液内泄漏影响较大,温度变化影响较小;活塞运动时,泄漏量随活塞速度、活塞与缸筒之间的间隙的增大而增大,因此在加工精度允许条件下,可通过减少活塞与缸筒间的间隙来减小泄漏量。     

Investigation on the radial micro-motion about piston of axial piston pump

The limit working parameters and service life of axial piston pump are determined by the carrying ability and lubrication characteristic of its key friction pairs. Therefore, the design and optimization of the key friction pairs are always a key and difficult problem in the research on axial piston pump. In the traditional research on piston/cylinder pair, the assembly relationship of piston and cylinder bore is simplified into ideal cylindrical pair, which can not be used to analyze the influences of radial micro-motion of piston on the distribution characteristics of oil-film thickness and pressure in details. In this paper, based on the lubrication theory of the oil film, a numerical simulation model is built, taking the influences of roughness, elastic deformation of piston and pressure-viscosity effect into consideration. With the simulation model, the dynamic characteristics of the radial micro-motion and pressure distribution are analyzed, and the relationships between radial micro-motion and carrying ability, lubrication condition, and abrasion are discussed. Furthermore, a model pump for pressure distribution measurement of oil film between piston and cylinder bore is designed. The comparison of simulation and experimental results of pressure distribution shows that the simulation model has high accuracy. The experiment and simulation results demonstrate that the pressure distribution has peak values that are much higher than the boundary pressure in the piston chamber due to the radial micro-motion, and the abrasion of piston takes place mainly on the hand close to piston ball. In addition, improvement of manufacturing roundness and straightness of piston and cylinder bore is helpful to improve the carrying ability of piston/cylinder pair. The proposed research provides references for designing piston/cylinder pair, and helps to prolong the service life of axial piston pump.     

柴油机缸套表面微沟槽织构润滑性能仿真分析

针对缸套表面织构微沟槽形貌,建立了缸套-活塞环摩擦副混合润滑理论模型,并采用MATLAB编程计算来分析微沟槽形貌参数对其润滑摩擦性能的影响规律。结果表明：缸套表面微沟槽可以形成很好的油膜压力,有效地改善缸套-活塞环间的润滑状态;随着微沟槽角度的增大,最小膜厚比逐渐增大,其润滑效果也越来越好,综合考虑摩擦润滑性能和机油耗性能情况下,最佳的微沟槽角度为60°。在上止点附近,面积占有率变化Sp对量纲一摩擦力影响较大;在其他区域,面积占有率对摩擦力影响不大;综合考虑油膜厚度与摩擦力,当Sp=0.15时效果最好。随着微沟槽深宽比e的增大,量纲一摩擦力不断增大,当e从0.025增大到0.150时,平均量纲一摩擦力增大了2.3倍,但深宽比过大,润滑效果将会减弱。研究结果认为,最佳深宽比的范围为0.05~0.08。
     

Multivariate nonnormal process capability analysis

Precise modelling of servo-pneumatic actuation plants continues to remain a major challenge. In this work, the complete mathematical model of a double-acting pneumatic cylinder with cushioning sections at both ends of the piston stroke has been developed. The proposed model considers the entire stroke of the piston, including cushioning sections as these sections affect the positioning accuracy of the piston. A pulse width modulation algorithm has been applied to control the position of the pneumatic cylinder. Computer simulation and experimental tests have been carried out on the developed model. The results of simulation and experimental studies have been shown to yield a better performance compared with existing mathematical models.     

湿式离合器液压缸活塞密封圈改进设计及仿真分析

O形密封圈具有结构紧凑、便于安装等优势,被广泛的应用于湿式离合器。工作过程中,作动部件由静止开始做变速运动,受动静摩擦力共同作用,而关于该过程研究较少。按照国家标准对湿式离合器液压缸活塞密封圈进行设计,通过workbench建立密封圈模型,根据密封圈接触应力及等效应力云图对密封圈、活塞沟槽尺寸及材料硬度进行优化仿真。由仿真分析可知,优化后密封圈及沟槽结构尺寸更加合理,且密封圈材料IRHD硬度应在70~80之间选取。同时获得液压缸运动过程中密封圈动静摩擦力变化曲线,该曲线为湿式离合器响应时间及控制策略研究奠定了基础。     

气缸摩擦力的颤振补偿与仿真

针对气缸摩擦力对系统控制性能造成的不良影响,提出了一种新的摩擦力补偿方法。首先对气缸的摩擦力进行测试分析,然后通过在控制信号上叠加颤振信号来补偿气缸摩擦力,消除了气缸摩擦力对系统稳定性及定位精度的影响。最后通过MATLAB仿真表明所用的补偿方法的正确性和有效性。该补偿方法具有较高的工程应用价值。     

基于Fluent的径向柱塞泵内流道流场分析

针对40ml/r径向柱塞泵内流道的非定常流动,应用流场仿真专用软件Fluent进行了可视化分析。利用滑移网格和动网格技术对柱塞绕配流轴旋转以及柱塞沿自身轴线的往复运动进行动态模拟,得到柱塞在不同位置的速度和压力分布云图,以及出口处压力和流量随转角的变化规律,数值模拟结果为径向柱塞泵流道的设计提供了理论基础。     

Frictional evaluation of thermally sprayed coatings applied on the cylinder liner of a heavy duty diesel engine: Pilot tribometer analysis and full scale engine test

The piston system accounts for roughly half of the mechanical friction of an internal combustion engine, thus it is important to optimize. Different thermally sprayed cylinder liners were investigated in order to optimize the frictional impact of the contact between cylinder liner and piston ring/piston. A novel tribometer test setup was used to scan through different materials at different running conditions. Two cylinder liner materials showed significantly lower friction than the other tested materials, CrC–NiCr and MMC. All the thermally sprayed cylinder liners were worn significantly less than the reference material. Based on these results a full-scale single cylinder test was performed to validate the results from the rig. Comparing the thermally sprayed cylinder liner MMC with reference cylinder liner the test showed higher friction torque for the MMC cylinder liner except in one case; at low speed and high pressure. An analysis of the results between the tribometer and the engine points at the importance of the ratio between viscous and mechanical friction losses. The most probable cause of higher friction torque for the thermally sprayed coating (MMC) is that the functional surface of the cylinder liner promotes an increase in viscous friction.