酶制剂在食醋生产中的应用技术

我国食醋生产工艺多样，食醋品种齐全，酶制剂在食醋生产中应用还处于应用开发阶段。主要论述了酶制剂在食醋生产的原料处理、糖化、酒精发酵和醋酸后熟发酵中应用技术和控制措施，酶制剂在食醋生产中应用将得到大力的发展。     

第四届全国食品添加剂生产应用技术展示会简讯

第四届全国食品添加剂生产应用技术展示会简讯为了加速我国食品添加剂和食品工业的发展，推广国内外最优秀的食品添加剂和最新的食品添加剂生产应用技术，增进食品添加剂的科研、生产、应用、销售单位的相互了解，沟通信息，开拓食品添加剂国内外市场，由中国食品添加剂生...     

生物酶在印染工业中应用进展

随着生态环保意识的增强，生物酶在纺织印染工业上的应用越来越受到人们的重视。文章介绍了生物酶的应用及研究现状，包括生物酶的分类、特点、生产、应用及研究进展等。同时提出了生物酶在生产和应用中存在的问题及解决办法。     

发酵法生产辅酶Q10的研究进展

辅酶Q10是一种重要的生理活性物质，具有很高的临床应用价值，来源于动植物、微生物细胞组织，发酵法生产辅酶Q10是目前最具有产业化前景的生产技术，本文综述了辅酶Q10的生理功能、生产现状及发酵法生产辅酶Q10的应用前景。     

对在人造板生产中应用微机控制的思考与实践

对在人造板生产中应用微机控制的思考与实践林业部北京林业机械研究所仲斯选应用现代科技改造传统工业是实施科技兴国战略的一个重要方面，其十分有效的措施为应用微电子技术实现生产过程的自动检测、控制和管理，使生产过程保持在最优工况。在一些发达国家，计算机在工业...     

微机对大曲分析数据的统计分析

大曲生产过程中，用计算机控制、模拟人工生态进行架式发酵，生产工艺先进，质量稳定，优于人工控制地面发酵生产的大曲。应用计算机进行技术档案处理，统计分析，收集处理上万个数据，应用方差显示，说明生产过程中的一些技术及管理方面的问题，提出指导性意见，对大曲生产有重要作用。     

“安琪”牌耐高温酒精活性干酵母在早籼米麦曲黄酒生产中的应用

第四届安琪酒酵母应用技术推广交流会新技术推广二等奖：“安琪”牌耐高温酒精活性干酵母在早籼米麦曲黄酒生产中的应用陈宝文浙江省临海市酒类产销管理办公室（３１７０００）关键词ＡＡＤＹ，应用，黄酒生产“安琪”牌耐高温酒精活性干酵母应用生产早灿麦曲黄酒有前途、...     

快速消除泄漏新技术的应用

本文通过实践应用带温带压堵漏技术，主要介绍应用的实例以及基本原理、适用范围、技术特点等内容，以推动此带温带压堵漏新技术在盐化工厂生产中使用，为节约能源、减少能源消耗，改善盐化工生产现场文明管理做出贡献。     

氢氧化镁的生产及应用技术进展

论述了氢氧化镁的性质、产品的质量标准，生产方法及应用技术进展，并对国内外氢氧化镁的生产现状及应用前景进行了分析。     

纳米级微生物细胞破碎机在酱油生产中的应用

对纳米级微生物细胞破碎机及其在酱油生产中的应用研究，对该机工作原理、结构、技术参数、操作方法、破碎效果及其在酱油生产中的应用作了介绍。该机制取酵母抽提物，酵母破碎率达97．8％，氨基酸态氮含量达6．04％。将其入醪发酵生产，提高酱油风味，产品符合GB18186-2000酱油质量标准。     

Distribution of hydrophilic and lipophilic antibacterial drugs in skim milk,cream, and casein

This study determined the distribution of drugs to different milk fractions according to their physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic drugs tend to concentrate in skim milk, whereas lipophilic drugs tend to concentrate in cream. The concentration of a drug in casein is related to its degree of binding to milk proteins. Thus, we aimed to determine whether withdrawal time in whole milk differs from that in cream, casein, and skim milk. Amoxicillin and tylosin were selected as prototype hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, respectively. The study was conducted in vitro and in vivo to determine whether in vitro conditions reflect the distribution of drugs in the different milk fractions in vivo. The in vivo study was conducted using a crossover design on 6 healthy Holstein dairy cattle. First, amoxicillin (i.m., single dose, 14 mg/kg) was administered to cows. Following a 1-wk washout period, tylosin (i.m., single dose, 15 mg/kg) was administered. Concentrations of amoxicillin and tylosin in milk and milk fractions were measured using HPLC-UV. In the in vitro study, 0.04 to 400 μg/g of amoxicillin and 0.05 to 50 μg/g of tylosin were spiked to drug-free milk and the concentrations in milk and milk fractions were measured. In addition, the percentage of total protein in milk and milk fractions was determined. Amoxicillin accumulated more in skim milk than in cream and casein, both in vitro (92%) and in vivo (73%, skim milk-to-whole milk ratio). The distribution of tylosin in whole and skim milk was similar to that of amoxicillin in the in vitro study, in contrast to the accumulation of tylosin in cream seen in vivo. However, the accumulation ratio of tylosin in cream was lower than expected. By either method, tylosin was less concentrated in casein than in skim milk and cream. The percentage of total protein was similar in skim milk and whole milk and higher than in cream. Thus, amoxicillin accumulates less in cream and casein, suggesting that these fractions would pose a lower risk to the consumer. Tylosin was still present at the maximum residue limit (50 μg/kg) 24 h after injection in the casein fraction and 48 h after injection in the cream fraction.     

消减食品加工过程中的真菌毒素：来自欧洲和东南亚的经验分享（网络首发、推荐阅读）

在世界范围内,由真菌毒素造成的经济损失估计达数十亿美元,给人类和动物带来安全风险。粮食中真菌毒素的预防可以通过食品加工过程中进行真菌毒素的消减处理。在过去几十年里,虽然发表的科技论文中报道了大量真菌毒素防控措施,但实际生产往往需要更容易实施的、简单易行的建议和指导方针。欧洲和东南亚在真菌毒素处理到数据分析、风险评估到污染防控、差异分析到流通途径等方面可以做到相互协作,互相补充。欧洲和东南亚政府及相关行业必须在综合考虑地域、农业系统和不同国家消费者偏好的背景下,寻求平衡食品安全和地区贸易二者关系,协同管控食品供应链。以谷物为例,加工过程包括初级加工（谷物清理和碾磨操作）和二次加工（如烘焙过程中的发酵和烘烤）,欧洲尤其关注烘焙食品安全性及全麦面包生产工艺对呕吐毒素的影响。结合农业、咖啡工业和科学研究人员的专业知识及亚洲咖啡生产者的具体情况,重点关注东南亚地区咖啡中赭曲霉毒素A污染问题。在农场环境中减少真菌毒素的措施给咖啡农民带来了较大的挑战,包括在规范种植农场模式下咖啡生产者和消费者之间社会经济效益和个人行为模式的相关影响因素。随着世界变得更加全球化,食品和饲料供应链也变得日趋复杂,因此,需要制定更全面的策略来确保食品供给及品质安全。     

Grape vine varieties Shiraz and Grenache differ in their stomatal response to VPD: apparent links with ABA physiology and gene expression in leaf tissue

Two cultivars of Vitis vinifera L., namely Grenache and Shiraz, have been described as having near-isohydric and near-anisohydric responses respectively to soil water stress (Schultz, Plant Cell and Environment , 26, 1393–1405, 2003). Given that contrast in sensitivity to soil water, a question arises as to whether atmospheric moisture stress will elicit similar differences. The present study was undertaken to investigate this issue by comparing stomatal responses in these same two cultivars to contrasting vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Test material included field grape vines in the Barossa Valley and pot-grown vines under partial shade in Adelaide. Our experiments showed that the same isohydric/anisohydric distinction as described by Schultz (2003) is apparent in leaf responses to atmospheric moisture stress. In the more isohydric cultivar, Grenache, stomatal conductance is more responsive to changes in VPD. This heightened sensitivity (compared with Shiraz) appears to be associated with higher levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in Grenache xylem sap. Expression studies on the key genes in the ABA biosynthetic pathway indicate that regulation of the V.v . nced1 gene expression in leaf tissue, but not in the root tissues, is associated with the changes in the xylem sap ABA. Moreover, the two cultivars (Grenache and Shiraz) differed with respect to both scale and time course of those responses. We conclude that these two Vitis vinifera cultivars do indeed differ significantly in the way that they respond to potentially stressful atmospheric conditions, and that ABA physiology is a key process in these contrasting responses. An understanding of such mechanisms, including the relative importance of roots and shoots in determining vine response to abiotic stress, is highly relevant to irrigation scheduling, and to management of associated variation in vineyard productivity across diverse environments.     

The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes

A number of the constituents of semi-permanent and permanent hair dyes have been shown to be mutagenic in bacteria, to induce mutation, chromosome breakage, sister chromatid exchanges and malignant transformation in mammalian cells, to cause mutation in Drosophila , to induce mitotic recombination in yeast and to induce tumours in rodents. Some hair dye ingredients and commercial dyes have been shown to give rise, in the urine of treated rats, to metabolites which are also mutagenic in bacteria.
The test systems used are briefly described and the data generated are reviewed. In addition, attempts to identify whether the hazards predicted from the laboratory studies present a risk to man either by epidemiological studies or monitoring of exposed populations are also discussed.
La mutagenese et la carcinogenese des colorants capillaires     

Symposium review: Adipose tissue endocrinology in the periparturient period of dairy cows

The involvement of adipose tissue (AT) in metabolism is not limited to energy storage but turned out to be much more complex. We now know that in addition to lipid metabolism, AT is important in glucose homeostasis and AA metabolism and also has a role in inflammatory processes. With the discovery of leptin in 1994, the concept of AT being able to secrete messenger molecules collectively termed as adipokines, and acting in an endo-, para-, and autocrine manner emerged. Moreover, based on its asset of receptors, many stimuli from other tissues reaching AT via the bloodstream can also elicit distinct responses and thus integrate AT as a control element in the regulatory circuits of the whole body's functions. The protein secretome of human differentiated adipocytes was described to comprise more than 400 different proteins. However, in dairy cows, the characterization of the physiological time course of adipokines in AT during the transition from pregnancy to lactation is largely limited to the mRNA level; for the protein level, the analytical methods are limited and available assays often lack sound validation. In addition to proteinaceous adipokines, small compounds such as steroids can also be secreted from AT. Due to the lipophilic nature of steroids, they are stored in AT, but during the past years, AT became also known as being able to metabolize and even to generate steroid hormones de novo. In high-yielding dairy cows, AT is substantially mobilized due to increased energy requirements related to lactation. As to whether the steroidogenic system in AT is affected and may change during the common loss of body fat is largely unknown. Moreover, most research about AT in transition dairy cows is based on subcutaneous AT, whereas other depots have scarcely been investigated. This contribution aims to review the changes in adipokine mRNA and—where available—protein expression with time relative to calving in high-yielding dairy cows at different conditions, including parity, body condition, diet, specific feed supplements, and health disorders. In addition, the review provides insights into steroidogenic pathways in dairy cows AT, and addresses differences between fat depots where possible.     

2016—2020年国际食品法典委员会大会有关水产品标准议题的跟踪分析及启示

水产品作为我国最重要的出口产品种类, 为防范和应对国外技术性贸易壁垒, 有必要及时跟踪和掌握国际食品法典委员会水产品相关标准议题的制修订情况。本文梳理了2016—2020年CAC第39~43届大会上审议的水产品标准议题, 并着重分析了我国重点关注议题的讨论和解决情况。2016—2020共有23项涉及水产品法典标准的制修订成果经CAC大会审议通过。我国主要关注和参与鲟鱼子酱、组胺、紫菜和沙丁鱼罐头等标准议题。目前, 我国在CAC水产品标准制修订话语权、CAC水产标准化工作参与度、科学技术支撑国际标准化等方面还有不足。为推进我国水产国际标准化建设, 在CAC水产品标准起草中争取更高地位。提出抓紧研究主持制定CAC标准的机制, 努力提升参与CAC水产品标准工作的深度和范围, 并持续重视和深化科学技术研究与标准化的统一等建议。     

Current knowledge and recent developments in consumer exposure assessment of pesticides: A UK perspective

Techniques employed in the assessment of consumer exposure to pesticides are currently being reviewed in the UK. This is not a formal process as is happening in the USA. However, the advent of probabilistic approaches and sophisticated computer models has prompted regulators, industry and other stakeholders in the UK to recognize the need for refinements in the risk-assessment process. Sources of information and data necessary to explore such refinements are disparate. This review aims to collate the information to present a coherent picture of the current knowledge, the data available and the stakeholders involved. It can then be used as a resource with which to investigate further more specific issues. Although focussing on the UK, the European context is included and reference is made to US models and developments that should be investigated. Factors hampering progress include the lack of sufficient data on which to base quantitative analysis, especially in the residential pesticides sector, and lack of experience in using and interpreting probabilistic models. At present, such techniques are being approached with some caution in the UK and in Europe, although their utility for cumulative assessment is accepted. Communicating results to both risk managers and consumers will be a considerable challenge.     

A review of acrylamide: an industry perspective on research, analysis, formation, and control

Acrylamide is a synthetic monomer with a wide scope of industrial applications, mainly as a precursor in the production of several polymers, such as polyacrylamide. The main uses of polyacrylamides are in water and wastewater treatment processes, pulp and paper processing, and mining and mineral processing. The announcement by the Swedish National Food Administration in April 2002 of the presence of acrylamide predominantly in heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods sparked intensive investigations into acrylamide, encompassing the occurrence, chemistry, agricultural practices, and toxicology, in order to establish if there is a potential risk to human health from the presence of this contaminant in the human diet. The link of acrylamide in foods to the Maillard reaction and, in particular, to the amino acid asparagine has been a major step forward in elucidating the first feasible chemical route of formation during the preparation and processing of food. Other probably minor pathways have also been proposed, including acrolein and acrylic acid. This review addresses the analytical and mechanistic aspects of the acrylamide issue and summarizes the progress made to date by the European food industries in these key areas. Essentially, it presents experimental results generated under laboratory model conditions, as well as under actual food processing conditions covering different food categories, such as potatoes, biscuits, cereals, and coffee. Since acrylamide formation is closely linked to food composition, factors such as the presence of sugars and availability of free amino acids are also considered. Many new findings that contribute towards a better understanding of the formation and presence of acrylamide in foods are presented. Many national authorities across the world are assessing the dietary exposure of consumers to acrylamide, and scientific projects have commenced to gather new information about the toxicology of acrylamide. These are expected to provide new scientific knowledge that will help to clarify whether or not there is a risk to human health from the consumption of foods containing low amounts of acrylamide.     

Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040) Implementation in Foods of Animal and Plant Origin: Review

The importance of environmental protection has been recently upgraded due to the continuously increasing environmental pollution load. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), wellknown as ISO 14040, has been repeatedly shown to be a useful and powerful tool for assessing the environmental performance of industrial processes, both in the European and American continents as well as in many Asian countries (such as Japan and China). To the best of our knowledge, almost no information is provided in relation to LCA implementation in Africa apart from an article related to Egypt. Although food industries are not considered to be among the most heavily polluting ones, for some like olive oil, wine, dairy, and meat processing, their impact on the environment is a heavy burden. The introduction of LCA aimed at identifying both inputs and outputs to find out which are the most detrimental to the environment in terms of water/energy consumption and solid/liquid and gas releases. In this review, a thorough coverage of literature was made in an attempt to compare the implementation of LCA to a variety of products of both plant and animal origin. It was concluded that there is a high number of subsystems suggested for the same product, thereby, occasionally leading to confusion. An idea toward solving the problem is to proceed to some sort of standardization by means of several generic case studies of LCA implementation, similarly to what had happened in the case of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) implementation in the United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and other countries.     

抗运动性疲劳营养补剂的研制

在体育训练和比赛中,运动员不论是在力量、速度、耐力和灵巧等方面都体现了强度大、难度高的特点,精神紧张,体力大量消耗,机体的各个系统都会发生不同的变化和反应,运动时体内激素分泌增加,物质代谢加强,能源物质被大量消耗,酸性代谢产物积聚加快,导致机体内环境发生一系列的变动。特别是在大运动量训练和激烈的比赛中,疲劳是不可避免的。这时机体对营养素的需求量必然发生某些改变。为了适应大运动量和高强度的专业化训练,仅靠平衡膳食是无法满足专业训练所消耗的大量能源物质,必须使用功能性的运动营养补剂来帮助运动员提高耐久力以及恢复体力和运动能力,以帮助运动员承受更大的训练压力和适应更大的额外训练应激,此外,运动营养补剂还可以帮助运动员提高自身内源性物质的合成水平。