Personality disorder correspondence among the MMPI, MBHI, and MCMI

MMPI, MBHI, and MCMI personality disorder scales were analyzed for convergent and discriminant validity. Friedman's ANOVA indicated that there were no significant differences among the sample's averaged scale scores. Further analyses of these data, however, demonstrated that the Millon instruments classified significantly more of the sample as personality disordered when compared to Morey's MMPI personality disorder scales. In addition, codetype correspondence among the three instruments was only 4 to 6%. When the instruments were analyzed in a pair-wise fashion, codetype correspondence increased to approximately 10 to 20%. These data indicate that these personality disorder scales do not demonstrate construct equivalence, particularly at the level of the individual profile.     

Failure of Wiener and Harmon Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) subtle scales as personality descriptors and as validity indicators.

Prototypical Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) correlates in the form of spouse ratings were used as criteria to evaluate the validity of the MMPI subtle scales constructed by D. N. Wiener and Harmon (Wiener, 1948) for describing personality and for indicating profile validity. Results from a normative sample (n?=?1,682) and a marital counseling sample (n?=?369) indicated that the addition of the subtle scales to the obvious scales attenuates validity to the same degree as the addition of a random variable. Likewise, results did not support the use of an index based on MMPI subtle scales designed to detect overreporting or underreporting, of psychopathology. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to clinical assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Problem-behavior factor correlates of Personality Inventory for Children profile scales.

Investigated the relationships between empirically determined dimensions of problem behaviors and the profile scales of the Personality Inventory for Children, a multidimensional objective personality inventory. Behavior problems and family characteristics of 430 children and adolescents (ages 2–17 yrs) tapping a variety of content areas were obtained on a 100-item checklist. Responses on the checklist were submitted to a principle components factor analysis with varimax rotation. Factor scores were generated for each S on the 16 interpretable factors. T scores of the 16 profile scales were correlated with the problem-behavior factor scores separately for male children, male adolescents, female children, and female adolescents. The resulting correlation matrices allowed identification of scale to correlates and their variation by age or sex and facilitated the estimate of generalizability of the data analysis. Results provide substantial evidence of scale convergent and discriminant validity and suggest the potential utility of this instrument. Further research is necessary to determine specific correlates suggested by scale elevation, setting, age-specific or sex-specific correlates, and development of profile classification rules. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality disorder symptoms and marital functioning.

Pathological personality is strongly linked with interpersonal impairment, yet no study to date has examined the relationship between concurrent personality pathology and dysfunction in marriage--a relationship that most people find central to their lives. In a cross-sectional study of a community sample of married couples (N = 82), the authors used multilevel modeling to estimate the association of self- and spouse-reported symptoms of personality disorder (PD) with levels of marital satisfaction and verbal aggression and perpetration of physical violence. Inclusion of self- and spouse report of total PD symptoms resulted in improved model fit and greater variance explained, with much of the improvement coming after the addition of spouse report. The incremental validity of spouse report for several of the 10 PD scales was supported for marital satisfaction and verbal aggression, particularly for the Borderline and Dependent PD scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality and scholastic achievement

Based on the data of the "Basle Adolescents Study" 7 scales of the MMPI and the IQ according to Raven were compared with the average of grades. Teachers confirmed socially desirable personality traits with good grades and gave lower grades to pupils with a less desirable personality.     

Clinical validation of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory.

The clinical validity of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI; F. M. Cheung, K. Leung, et al., 1996) was examined in 2 studies involving a group of 167 male prisoners in Hong Kong and a group of 339 psychiatric patients in China. Elevated scores on the clinical scales were obtained for the clinical samples. Logistic regression analyses confirmed that the CPAI scales were useful in differentiating between male prisoners and the Hong Kong male normative sample and between psychiatric patients and a random sample of normal adults in China. Multivariate analyses of variance results showed significant differences on the CPAI clinical scales and personality scales among subgroups of psychiatric patients with diagnoses of bipolar, schizophrenic, and neurotic disorders. The usefulness of an indigenous personality inventory is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality measurement, faking, and employment selection.

Real job applicants completed a 5-factor model personality measure as part of the job application process. They were rejected; 6 months later they (n = 5,266) reapplied for the same job and completed the same personality measure. Results indicated that 5.2% or fewer improved their scores on any scale on the 2nd occasion; moreover, scale scores were as likely to change in the negative direction as the positive. Only 3 applicants changed scores on all 5 scales beyond a 95% confidence threshold. Construct validity of the personality scales remained intact across the 2 administrations, and the same structural model provided an acceptable fit to the scale score matrix on both occasions. For the small number of applicants whose scores changed beyond the standard error of measurement, the authors found the changes were systematic and predictable using measures of social skill, social desirability, and integrity. Results suggest that faking on personality measures is not a significant problem in real-world selection settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing Personality With a Structured Employment Interview: Construct-Related Validity and Susceptibility to Response Inflation.

The authors evaluated the extent to which a personality-based structured interview was susceptible to response inflation. Interview questions were developed to measure facets of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. Interviewers administered mock interviews to participants instructed to respond honestly or like a job applicant. Interviewees completed scales of the same 3 facets from the NEO Personality Inventory, under the same honest and applicant-like instructions. Interviewers also evaluated interviewee personality with the NEO. Multitrait-multimethod analysis and confirmatory factor analysis provided some evidence for the construct-related validity of the personality interviews. As for response inflation, analyses revealed that the scores from the applicant-like condition were significantly more elevated (relative to honest condition scores) for self-report personality ratings than for interviewer personality ratings. In addition, instructions to respond like an applicant appeared to have a detrimental effect on the structure of the self-report and interview ratings, but not interviewer NEO ratings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Incremental Validity of the Frame-of-Reference Effect in Personality Scale Scores: A Replication and Extension.

Context-specific personality items provide respondents with a common frame of reference unlike more traditional, noncontextual personality items. The common frame of reference standardizes item interpretation and has been shown to reduce measurement error while increasing validity in comparison to noncontextual items (M. J. Schmit, A. M. Ryan. S. L. Stierwalt. & S. L. Powell, 1995). Although the frame-of-reference effect on personality scales scores has been well investigated (e.g., M. J. Schmit et al., 1995), the ability of this innovation to obtain incremental validity above and beyond the well-established, noncontextual personality scale scores has yet to be examined. The current study replicates and extends work by M. J. Schmit et al. (1995) to determine the incremental validity of the frame-of-reference effect. The results indicate that context-specific personality items do indeed obtain incremental validity above and beyond both noncontextual items and cognitive ability, and in spite of socially desirable responding induced by applicant instructions. The implications of these findings for personnel selection are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temporal stability and validity of two personality disorder inventories.

The 3-mo temporal stability of self-report personality disorder scores from the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire—Revised (PDQ—R; S. Hyler and R. Rieder, 1987) and the MMPI-Personality Disorder scales (MMPI-PD; L. Morey, M. Waugh, and R. Blashfield, 1985) was examined in a sample of 51 psychiatric outpatients. In addition, the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales from the PDQ—R and MMPI-PD were also assessed. Results indicate that PDQ—R and MMPI-PD scores were relatively stable over time, but support was obtained for the validity of only several of the personality disorder scales. Issues concerning the overlap of personality disorders as well as the lack of a "gold standard" to be used for establishing the validity of personality disorder instruments are discussed. Future research aimed at combining multiple forms of Axis II assessment (e.g., self-report, interview, informant) is recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI correlates of social and physical anhedonia.

The construct validity of scales measuring social and physical anhedonia (L. J. Chapman et al, 1976) was investigated by performing simple and canonical correlation analyses of clinical, content, and pure scales from the MMPI. Ss were 243 consecutively admitted male veterans (mean age 31.87 yrs) in an inpatient drug dependence treatment program. Results support predictions that anhedonia, defined as a deficiency in the ability to experience pleasure, would be associated with social maladjustment and confused thinking and, further, that anhedonia scales would measure personality characteristics other than depression. Social anhedonia and physical anhedonia were associated with the clinical scales Validity and Social Introversion, the content scales Social Maladjustment and Psychoticism, and Pure Scale 7, which measures characteristics associated with the 278 MMPI profile type and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2nd edition) equivalents of "schizophrenia, latent type." Degree of association was stronger for scales measuring social anhedonia, contrary to the test authors' speculations that the measure of physical anhedonia would be the more promising of the 2 scales. The construct validity of personality assessment suggested that further study is warranted, particularly to determine other aspects of everyday living that may be implicated in measures of social and physical anhedonia. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality correlates of delinquency rate in a Navy sample.

A study to determine whether personality scales measuring social maturity and conformity were related to delinquency rate in a group of 92 Navy brig confinees. The Socialization scale of the California Psychological Inventory and the Conformity scale of the Survey of Interpersonal Values each correlated significantly with a delinquency criterion obtained by correlating the scales against number of offenses committed and partialing out length of service. While the validities obtained for both the Socialization and Conformity scales were in the expected direction, the difference between means for the present delinquent and other nondlinquent groups on the Conformity scale is not in accord with the validity obtained. Differences in mean scores between the present delinquent sample and those presented for high school samples were in the expected direction for the Socialization scale. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Do Warnings of Response Verification Moderate the Relationship Between Personality and Cognitive Ability?

This article presents the results of 2 studies that examine the effect of presenting a warning of response verification by others on the relationship between measures of personality and cognitive ability. In both a field study and a laboratory study, stronger correlations were generally found between measures of personality and cognitive ability when a warning of verification was present. The results from the studies also showed that the warning of verification was associated with slower item response latencies for certain personality scales, suggesting that exposure to the warning increased the complexity of the response decision. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of altering test instructions on the construct validity of personality measures used in applied settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Normal and psychopathological personality characteristics of individuals in alcohol rehabilitation.

Relations between normal and psychopathological personality characteristics were investigated in 72 inpatient male alcoholics, who were administered the Personal Styles Inventory (PSI) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Results support the PSI circumplex model for normal personality traits. All PSI scales correlated significantly with one or more MMPI scales, including the basic MMPI orthogonal factors Anxiety (r?=?.55) and Repression (r?=?-.47), showing a relation between normal and pathological personality attributes. The mean MMPI profiles for subjects categorized by normal (PSI) personality traits corresponded significantly to basic MMPI profile types identified in previous research. Implications for counseling alcoholics and developing treatment programs using information from a broader based personality assessment approach are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory.

Personality psychologists from a variety of theoretical perspectives have recently concluded that personality traits can be summarized in terms of a 5-factor model. This article describes the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO–PI), a measure of these 5 factors and some of the traits that define them, and its use in clinical practice. Recent studies suggest that NEO–PI scales are reliable and valid in clinical samples as in normal samples. The use of self-report personality measures in clinical samples is discussed, and data from 117 "normal" adult men and women are presented to show links between the NEO–PI scales and psychopathology as measured by D. N. Jackson's (1989) Basic Personality Inventory and L. Morey's (1991) Personality Assessment Inventory. The authors argue that the NEO–PI may be useful to clinicians in understanding the patient, formulating a diagnosis, establishing rapport, developing insight, anticipating the course of therapy, and selecting the optimal form of treatment for the patient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality characteristics of two types of male exhibitionists.

Hypothesized that exhibitionists without other criminal involvement (pure type) have different personality characteristics than exhibitionists with nonexhibitionistic criminal involvement (criminal type): In particular, the criminal type exhibits greater pathology and sociopathy. 30 pure type and 54 criminal type exhibitionists referred to a forensic clinic were compared on tests, including Goldberg indexes for differentiating normal from deviant and psychiatric from sociopathic MMPI group profiles, and attained educational level. The criminal group had greater elevations on MMPI Psychopathic Deviate and Schizophrenia scales than the pure group. The criminal group also had lower elevations on California Psychological Inventory Responsibility and Socialization scales than the pure group. On the Goldberg indexes, the mean pure group MMPI profile fell within the normal range, whereas that of the criminal group fell within the deviant range; the criminal group MMPI profile was classified as sociopathic rather than psychiatric. The pure group had greater attained educational level than the criminal group. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality disorder in older adults: Assessment challenges and strategies.

Might some older persons experienced as difficult by their health care providers be exhibiting signs of maladaptive personality functioning? Personality disorder may be a more significant problem among treatment-seeking older adults than was previously believed. Psychologists seeking to assess personality disorder must confront several challenges, including their own beliefs regarding personality and aging, criteria sets of uncertain validity for the older persons, and the limitations of current assessment tools. Empirically informed assessment of personality disorder in older adults may be enhanced by reviewing evidence regarding the prevalence, associated demographic and clinical features, and natural history of personality pathology across the life span. This review also describes how assessing personality disorder in older adults poses unique diagnostic difficulties and proposes practical strategies for evaluating this challenging client group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Consistency of maternal report and the Personality Inventory for Children: Always useful and sometimes sufficient: Reply to Cornell.

Responds to D. G. Cornell's (see record 1985-21750-001) suggestion that the author's (see record 1984-19420-001) previous study of the external validity of the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) was flawed to the degree that scale correlates were obtained from the same source as PIC responses—the parent. Based on the process of actuarial assessment, it is suggested that nontest correlates, regardless of source, provide evidence for scale validity and not stability and that similarity in content between personality scale items and demonstrated correlates is the rule rather than the exception. The process of test validation is distinguished from the use of scales to study personality constructs. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)