高性能制动系统用炭纤维增强炭和SiC双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材料

C/C-SiC制动材料具有密度低、耐高温、制动平稳、摩擦因数高、磨损少和环境适应性强等优点,是一种能满足高速高能载制动的高性能轻质材料。本文以针刺炭纤维整体毡为预制体,采用化学气相渗透法制备C/C多孔体,然后熔融渗硅制得C/C-SiC材料;研究了C/C-SiC材料的组织结构、力学性能及其失效模式、摩擦磨损性能及机理,同时介绍了中南大学研制的C/C-SiC制动材料的应用现状。     

Oxidation Behavior of C/C-SiC Gradient Matrix Composites

［1］J.R.Strife and J.E.Sheehan: Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull.,1988, 67, 364. ［2］K.L.Luthra: Carbon, 1988, 26, 217. ［3］I.Jawed and D.E.Nagle: Mat. Res. Bull., 1995,21(11), 1391. ［4］J.Y.Deng, Y.L.Wei and W.C.Liu: J. Am. Ceram.Soc., 1999, 82[6], 1629. ［5］S.M.Gee and J.A.Little: J. Mater. Sci., 1991, 26,1093. ［6］Yoon-Kee Kim and Jai-Yong Lee: Carbon. 1993,31(7), 1031. ［7］G.Savage: Carbon-Carbon Composites, Chapman ＆Hall Row, London SE1 8HN, 1992, 208.     

碳纤维增强C—SiC梯度基复合材料研究

采用ＣＶＩ工艺均热法共沉积技术制备了碳纤维增强Ｃ－ＳｉＣ梯度基复合材料。Ｃ和ＳｉＣ的原料氛分别是Ｃ２Ｈ２ｔ ＣＨ３ＳｉＣｌ３，Ａｒ和Ｈ２分别是载流和稀释气体。基体微观结构的变化通过控制原料气体的成分配比藜得。测试了材料的力学性能、抗氧化性能和摩擦磨损性能。利用金相技术、电子探针成分分析技术、ＴＥＭ和ＳＥＭ技术观察和分析了材料的微观结构。试验结果表明，这种材料的组织结构特点是：在微观上是梯度的，即围     

C/C-SiC复合材料熔融渗硅制备工艺

C/C-SiC复合材料具有许多优异的性能,如高比强度、高比模量、优良的高温性能、高热导率以及低热膨胀系数等.与其它制备工艺相比,采用熔融渗硅法制备C/C-SiC复合材料的工艺具有操作简单、周期短、成本低等优点.综述了目前熔融渗硅法制备C/C-SiC复合材料的研究状况.     

(C-SiC)f/C复合材料的烧蚀性能

将SiC纤维毡与C纤维毡交替层叠, 通过针刺工艺制备(C-SiC)_f/C预制体, 采用化学气相渗透与前驱体浸渍裂解复合工艺(CVI+PIP)制备(C-SiC)_f/C复合材料, 研究(C-SiC)_f/C复合材料H₂-O₂焰烧蚀性能。利用SEM、EDS和XRD对烧蚀前后材料的微观结构和物相组成进行分析, 探讨材料抗烧蚀机理。结果表明: (C-SiC)_f/C复合材料表现出更优异的耐烧蚀性能。烧蚀750 s后, (C-SiC)_f/C复合材料的线烧蚀率为1.88 μm/s, 质量烧蚀率为2.16 mg/s。与C/C复合材料相比, 其线烧蚀率降低了64.5%, 质量烧蚀率降低了73.5%; SiC纤维毡在烧蚀中心区表面形成的网络状保护膜可以有效抵御高温热流对材料的破坏; 在烧蚀过渡区和烧蚀边缘区形成的熔融SiO₂能够弥合材料的裂纹、孔洞等缺陷, 阻挡氧化性气氛进入材料内部, 使材料表现出优异的抗烧蚀性能。     

C/C-SiC复合材料高温防护研究进展

C/C-SiC复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量、高热导率、低热膨胀系数和优异的高温抗氧化性能等特点,是新一代的耐高温陶瓷基复合材料,已经被广泛地用作热结构和热防护材料、制动材料以及空间光学系统零部件等。近年来,随着高超声速飞行器和返回式航天运输工具的快速发展,飞行器面临着更多的有高热流、高压气流以及高速粒子冲蚀的环境,这对C/C-SiC复合材料的高温防护技术提出了更高的要求。C/C-SiC复合材料高温防护的研究主要集中在纤维涂层改性、基体改性和高温防护涂层等3个方面,综合近几年国内外的研究报道,从上述3个方面综述了C/C-SiC复合材料高温防护技术的研究进展,总结了各种高温防护技术的制备方法,比较了3种高温防护技术的特点,最后对C/C-SiC复合材料高温防护技术的发展趋势提出了一些见解。     

熔融渗硅法制备C/C-SiC复合材料的研究进展

综述了熔融渗硅法制备C/C-SiC复合材料的国内外研究和应用现状,重点分析了碳纤维预制体和C/C多孔体的制备,以及熔融渗硅过程对C/C-SiC复合材料性能和结构的影响,介绍了C/C-SiC复合材料作为热结构和摩擦材料在航空航天和先进摩擦制动系统中的应用,提出了C/C-SiC复合材料制备过程中存在的问题和今后研究的重点.     

硅含量对C/C-SiC复合材料性能的影响

以炭布、环氧树脂和硅粉为原料,采用温压-原位反应法制备了炭纤维增强的碳化硅复合材料(2D C/C-SiC),考察了硅粉含量对材料结构和性能的影响.实验结果表明:随着硅粉含量的增加, 材料的密度和石墨化度呈明显增加的趋势,材料的相对密度却逐渐减小,材料的弯曲强度呈现下降的趋势,但对剪切强度影响不大.在2100℃硅化处理后,材料的石墨化度由未添加硅时的21.7%增大为添加35%(质量分数,下同)时的45.2%,添加的硅与炭纤维和树脂炭反应后形成了SiC,沿炭纤维分布,材料中均不再含有自由的硅单质;当硅含量达到30%以上时,在纤维周围还有一些富碳的SiC颗粒存在.     

CVI-GSI工艺制备C/C-SiC复合材料的组成结构与力学性能

采用密度为1.0g/cm~3的C/C素坯,联合化学气相渗透(CVI)和气相渗硅(GSI)2种工艺制备C/C-SiC复合材料,研究CVI C/C-SiC复合材料中间体的密度对CVI-GSI C/C-SiC复合材料物相组成、微观结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着CVI C/C-SiC复合材料中间体密度的增大,CVI-GSI C/C-SiC复合材料C含量增多,残余Si含量减少,SiC含量先增多后减少,CVI-GSI C/C-SiC复合材料的密度先增大后减小;随着CVI C/C-SiC复合材料中间体的密度由1.27g/cm~3增加到1.63g/cm~3时,得到的CVI-GSI C/C-SiC复合材料的力学性能先升高后降低。当CVI C/C-SiC复合材料密度为1.42g/cm~3时,制得的CVI-GSI C/C-SiC复合材料力学性能最好,其弯曲强度为247.50MPa,弯曲模量为25.63GPa,断裂韧度为10.08MPa·m~(1/2)。     

热处理温度对C/C-SiC摩擦材料组织结构的影响

以短切炭纤维为增强相,采用温压-原位反应法制备C/C-SiC材料,研究了热处理温度对C/C-SiC材料组织结构的影响,以及Si(1)-C原位反应机理.结果表明:试样中硅粉均匀分布于素坯内部,Si-C原位反应只需Si近程扩散即可.Si粉熔化后迅速在就近的炭源表面铺展,并与之反应生成SiC.Si(1)-C反应相对于Si(s)-C反应速度更快,反应更完全.温度越高,生成的SiC也就越多,残留Si相应减少.1500 ℃热处理后复合材料的SiC含量达到62.7%,残留Si仅为1.4%.     

牙科用氧化锆增韧云母微晶玻璃复合材料的研制

以K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-F系统的微晶玻璃为基础,与不同量的Y-TZP粉体进行复合,制备出了用于牙科修复的新型全瓷材料.借助于DTA、XRD、SEM等研究了该材料的主晶相种类和显微结构,并测试了复合材料的抗折强度、体积密度、维氏硬度、热膨胀系数和耐酸(碱)性等理化性能.实验结果表明:复合材料的主晶相为氟金云母、t-ZrO2和少量的m-ZrO2;其具有优于天然牙齿和牙釉质的力学性能,化学性能稳定、审美效果良好,适用于制作前牙冠、贴面、嵌体等口腔修复体.     

C/C-SiC复合材料的反应烧结法制备及应用进展

C/C-SiC复合材料具有轻质、高模、高热导率、低热膨胀系数、高温抗氧化等优异性能,是很好的高温结构材料。从C纤维的涂层保护、C/C多孔体的优化设计、反应烧结渗硅3个方面概述了C/C-SiC复合材料的反应烧结工艺制备过程;综述了C/C-SiC复合材料在航空航天、空间光学系统、刹车制动等领域的相关应用进展;展望了C/C-SiC复合材料制备工艺和应用方面的发展趋势。     

短切SiCf/LAS复合材料的介电性能

讨论了纤雏长度与热压保温时间对含量为25%(体积分数)的短切SiCf增强LAS玻璃陶瓷复合材料介电性能的影响.在8～12GHz频率范围内,介电性能测试结果表明,随纤维长度由2mm增加到4mm,复合材料的复介电常数实部ε′增大,而其虚部ε″及介电损耗tgδ减小.当保温时间由10min延长到20min时,复合材料的ε′增大,而其ε″与tgδ均减小;且保温20min时,其ε′、ε″与tgδ均已接近适合损耗微波能量的数值.复合材料有望成为电损耗型宽带微波损耗材料.     

炭/炭复合材料硼硅酸盐玻璃涂层制备及性能研究

系统研究了SiO2与B2O3之比、高熔点添加剂种类(包括MoSi2,Y2O3,SiC)及含量对硼硅酸盐(SAB)玻璃涂层高温稳定性、高温流动性的影响规律和最佳工艺参数组合,采用涂刷法在带有疏松结构的SiC内涂层炭/炭(C/C)复合材料表面制备了高温稳定性和流动性良好的硼硅酸盐玻璃外涂层,并测试了带有不同SiC/硼硅酸盐玻璃复合涂层C/C复合材料试样在1500℃静态空气中的抗氧化性能.结果表明:采用SiO2,B2O3摩尔比为4∶1时所得硼硅酸盐玻璃具有相对较高的高温流动性和高温稳定性;与添加Y2O3,SiC相比,在上述硼硅酸盐玻璃中添加MoSi2可以较大幅度提高所得玻璃涂层对C/C基体的氧化保护性能,并且当硼硅酸盐玻璃外涂层中硼硅酸盐与MoSi2的质量比为4∶1时,所得硼硅酸盐玻璃外涂层对SiC-C/C表现出较好的氧化保护能力,氧化17h后涂层C/C试样的失重仅为4.31%.     

C/C-SiC复合材料表面ZrB_2基陶瓷涂层的制备及高温烧结机理

采用刷涂-烧结法,分别在C/C-SiC复合材料和C/C复合材料表面制备了ZrB2基陶瓷复合涂层。利用EDS,SEM分析陶瓷涂层的成分及微观形貌,通过对比C/C-SiC基体和C/C基体的表面涂层,对C/C-SiC基体表面涂层的高温烧结机理进行了探究。结果表明:高温下C/C-SiC基体中的硅组元会溢出,造成样品质量损失;同时,溢出的硅组元能渗入到陶瓷涂层中,形成了以硅为主要黏结相,ZrB2等陶瓷相弥散分布的陶瓷涂层;与C/C基体相比,硅组元的溢出能有效促进涂层与基体之间的界面结合。在对基体进行预处理的基础上,采用低温真空脱胶,高温常压烧结,能够制备出结构致密、无裂纹并与基体结合牢固的ZrB2基陶瓷涂层。     

Preparation, Properties and Application of C/C-SiC Composites Fabricated by Warm Compacted-in situ Reaction

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and SiC dual matrices composites (C/C-SiC) show superior tribological properties, high thermal shock resistance and good abrasive resistance, and they are promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. The microstructure, mechanical properties, friction and wear properties, and application of the C/C-SiC composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction were introduced. The results indicated that the composites were composed of 50-60 wt pct carbon, 2-10 wt pct residual silicon and 30-40 wt pct silicon carbide. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibited good mechanical properties. The value of flexural strength and compressive strength could reach 160 and 112 MPa, respectively. The impact strength was about 2.5 kJ·m^-2. The C/C-SiC brake composites showed excellent tribological performance, including high coefficient of friction (0.38), good abrasive resistance (1.10 μm/cycle) and brake steadily on dry condition. The tribological properties on wet condition could be mostly maintained. The silicon carbide matrix in C/C-SiC brake composites improved the wear resistance, and the graphite played the lubrication function, and right volume content of graphite was helpful to forming friction film to reduce the wear rate. These results showed that C/C-SiC composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction had excellent properties for use as brake materials.     

Modeling of Nonlinear Mechanical Behavior for 3D Needled C/C-SiC Composites Under Tensile Load

This paper established a macroscopic constitutive model to describe the nonlinear stress–strain behavior of 3D needled C/C-SiC composites under tensile load. Extensive on- and off-axis tensile tests were performed to investigate the macroscopic mechanical behavior and damage characteristics of the composites. The nonlinear mechanical behavior of the material was mainly induced by matrix tensile cracking and fiber/matrix debonding. Permanent deformations and secant modulus degradation were observed in cyclic loading-unloading tests. The nonlinear stress–strain relationship of the material could be described macroscopically by plasticity deformation and stiffness degradation. In the proposed model, we employed a plasticity theory with associated plastic flow rule to describe the evolution of plastic strains. A novel damage variable was also introduced to characterize the stiffness degradation of the material. The damage evolution law was derived from the statistical distribution of material strength. Parameters of the proposed model can be determined from off-axis tensile tests. Stress–strain curves predicted by this model showed reasonable agreement with experimental results.     

Effect of SiC Location on the Ablation of C/C-SiC Composites in Two Heat Fluxes

How layer-segregated distribution of SiC affects the ablation of C/C-SiC composites was studied in the present work.A certain amount of SiC particles was deposited at the non-woven(C/C—SiC-1) and web(C/C-SiC-2) layer of 2D needle-punched carbon fibre fabric reinforced pyrocarbon composites,respectively.Ablation under oxyacetylene torch demonstrated that the two composites have similar ablation rates in heat flux of 2.38 MW/m~2 whereas ablation rates of C/C-SiC-2 were much higher than those of C/C—SiC-1 when heat flux was 4.18 MW/m~2.SiO_2 covered partially the defective surface of both composites in the lower heat flux.The different SiC locations induced distinct defects and then led to the two composites' dissimilar ablation rates in the higher heat flux.     

素坯密度对气相渗硅制备C/C-SiC复合材料结构与性能的影响

三维针刺碳毡经化学气相渗透(Chemical Vapor Infiltration,CVI)增密制备C/C素坯,通过气相渗硅(Gaseous Silicon Infiltration,GSI)制备C/C-SiC复合材料。研究素坯密度与CVI C层厚度及素坯孔隙率的变化规律,并分析素坯密度对C/C-SiC复合材料力学性能、热学性能的影响。结果表明:随着素坯密度增大,CVI C层变厚,孔隙率减小;C/C-SiC复合材料中残C量随之增大,残余Si量随之减小,SiC先保持较高含量(体积分数约40%),随后迅速降低,C/C-SiC复合材料密度逐渐减小,力学性能先增大后减小,而热导率及热膨胀系数降低至平稳。当素坯密度为1.085g/cm3时,复合材料力学性能最好,弯曲强度可达308.31MPa,断裂韧度为11.36MPa·m1/2。研究发现:素坯孔隙率较大时,渗硅通道足够,残余硅多,且CVI C层较薄,纤维硅蚀严重,C/C-SiC复合材料力学性能低;素坯孔隙率较小时,渗硅通道很快阻塞,Si和SiC含量少,而闭孔大且多,C/C-SiC复合材料力学性能也不高。     

碳纳米管/陶瓷基复合材料研究进展

介绍了碳纳米管的结构、制备、处理及性能,综述了碳纳米管/陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法以及碳纳米管/陶瓷基功能复合材料的研究进展,并对复合材料制备中碳纳米管的分散、取向与阵列、烧损和复合材料的界面等问题进行了分析.