Hydrocracking of Tetralin over Mo–Ni/Usy Dual Functional Catalysts

Abstract

Tetralin was chosen as a model compound to investigate the reaction networks and kinetics of hydrocracking of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on modified zeolite Y based molybdenum–nickel dual functional catalysts using a continuous flow microreactor at 320–380°C, 8.5 MPa. According to the product distributions, the reaction network of hydrocracking of tetralin was proposed. The pseudo-first-order kinetics rate constants of each step in the network of hydrocracking of tetralin were evaluated by the nonlinear parameter estimation method. The results showed that reaction of hydrocracking of tetralin was a complicated parallel and serial reaction including hydrogenation, isomerization, and cracking (ring opening and dealkylation). The key steps of hydrocracking of tetralin, the conversion of double ring compounds and the yields of mono-ring compounds were affected by reaction temperature and acidity of supports on the catalysts.     

四氢萘加氢裂化反应动力学

在双功能催化剂上,利用连续流动固定床微反装置,进行四氢萘加氢裂化反应动力学研究,推导出反应机理,得到了详细的产物分布并推测了７集总反应网络。反应温度为３８０℃时,四氢萘加氢裂化反应主要以异构裂解反应途径为主;反应温度为３２０℃时,主要以加氢裂解反应途径为主。为进一步研究和开发加氢裂化模型奠定了基础。     

Y型分子筛酸性质对四氢萘加氢裂化多产B TX反应的影响

以孔性质相近、酸性质存在差异的Y型分子筛为酸性组分制备加氢裂化催化剂,采用N2吸附-脱附、NH3-TPD、Py-IR、HRTEM等手段表征分子筛和催化剂的物化性质,以四氢萘为模型化合物在高压加氢微反装置上评价催化剂的加氢裂化反应性能.结果表明:提高Y型分子筛上强酸中心比例能促进四氢萘的转化;增加Y型分子筛上中强酸的占比...     

MCM-22分子筛溶胀处理对四氢萘加氢裂化性能的影响规律

采用溶胀法对实验室制备的MCM-22分子筛进行剥层处理后制得RZMCM分子筛,分别以MCM-22分子筛和RZMCM分子筛作为酸性组分,制备了2种加氢裂化催化剂(NiMo/MCM-22和NiMo/RZMCM).采用氮气吸-脱附、X射线衍射、吡啶吸附红外、透射电镜、扫描电镜-元素分布扫描等物化表征手段对2种分子筛及加氢裂化...     

载体对Ni-W加氢催化剂活性相及芳烃饱和性能的影响

 采用浸渍法制备了FCC汽油叠合生产柴油催化剂，考察了活性金属Ni负载量、助催化剂、催化剂制备条件对催化剂性能的影响，以及催化剂的稳定性和再生性能。结果表明，在活性金属Ni质量分数为8%、助剂Sn质量分数为1.0%、浸渍时间6h、焙烧温度500℃、焙烧时间4.0h的条件下制备的叠合催化剂具有良好的催化性能、稳定性和再生性能。在反应温度210℃、压力2.5Mpa、体积空速1.0^-1的条件下，叠合柴油体积收率到50.1%，符合-35^#柴油质量标准。     

Preparation of a highly efficient Pt/USY catalyst for hydrogenation and selective ring-opening reaction of tetralin

Ultrastable Y zeolite(USY)-supported Pt catalyst was prepared by gas-bubbling-assisted membrane reduction. The influence of reaction conditions and the metal and acid sites of catalysts on the catalytic performance of catalyst in hydrogenation and selective ring opening of tetralin, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(THN), was studied. It was found that the optimal reaction conditions were at a temperature of 280 °C, hydrogen pressure of 4 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity of 2 h~(-1) and H_2/THN ratio of 750. Under these optimal conditions, a high conversion of almost 100% was achieved on the 0.3 Pt/USY catalyst. XRD patterns and TEM images revealed that Pt particles were highly dispersed on the USY, favorable to the hydrogenation reaction of tetralin. Ammonia temperature-programmed desorption and Py-IR results indicated that the introduction of Pt can reduce the acid sites of USY, particularly the strong acid sites of USY. Thus, the hydrocracking reaction can be suppressed.     

四氢萘加氢转化研究进展

总结了国内外在四氢萘加氢裂化反应机理及反应动力学两方面的研究近况;着重讨论了酸性质、孔结构、金属组分及金属中心与酸性中心的距离等催化剂性质对四氢萘加氢裂化反应活性和理想产物选择性的影响;提出了进一步提高反应活性和理想产物选择性的途径是优化催化剂上金属中心与酸性中心的匹配以及缩短二者之间的距离。     

分子筛类型对四氢萘加氢裂化反应性能的影响

分别以改性Beta,Y,ZSM-5分子筛为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni-Mo体系催化剂(分别命名为CAT-B,CAT-Y,CAT-Z),利用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、NH_3-TPD、Py-FTIR、H2-TPR等手段对催化剂进行了表征。以四氢萘为模型化合物,在固定床连续加氢装置上考察了不同分子筛催化剂对四氢萘加氢裂化反应活性及产物选择性的影响。结果表明:CAT-B催化剂有较适宜的孔结构及比表面积,并且较CAT-Y和CAT-Z催化剂有较高的L酸量和B酸量,在金属组分与载体的相互作用力方面表现较弱,有利于金属组分的分散;催化剂对四氢萘加氢裂化反应转化率由高到低的顺序为CAT-BCAT-YCAT-Z,在四氢萘转化率相同时,催化剂CAT-B对BTX及加氢裂化产物的选择性最高,对缩合产物的选择性最低。     

多级孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂对四氢萘加氢裂化多产轻质芳烃反应的影响

采用碱处理法制备了多级孔ZSM-5分子筛,并分别以多级孔ZSM-5分子筛和常规ZSM-5分子筛作为酸性组分制备了加氢裂化催化剂。采用氮气吸附-脱附、X射线衍射光谱、吡啶吸附红外光谱、氨气吸附-脱附、透射电镜等分析手段对分子筛样品进行表征。采用高压固定床微型反应装置对四氢萘在加氢裂化催化剂上的加氢裂化反应性能进行评价。结果表明：在反应温度350 ℃、氢分压4 MPa、氢/油体积比500/1、质量空速5.9 h^-1、反应时间2 h的反应条件下,与常规ZSM-5分子筛加氢裂化催化剂相比,多级孔ZSM-5分子筛加氢裂化催化剂对四氢萘的转化率提升了10百分点以上,BTX收率提升了2～8百分点,开环反应选择性提高了约20百分点。这是因为介孔的引入提高了四氢萘对分子筛内部酸性位点的可接近性,是提高其开环反应选择性和BTX收率的关键因素。     

Performance Evaluation Studies of First- and Second-Stage Hydrocracking Catalysts Using Kuwait Vacuum Gas Oil Feedstocks

Abstract

In a two-stage hydrocracking process, two types of catalyst are used to remove undesirable contaminants (such as S, N, hydrogenation of aromatic compounds, etc.) and convert the heavy feedstock to lighter products. In the present work, individual set of experiments were conducted to obtain information regarding activity and selectivity with emphasis on the evaluation of kinetic parameters of first- and second-stage commercial catalysts used in hydrocracking process. The performance tests were conducted in a down-flow fixed-bed hydrocracking pilot plant using a single reactor. The hydrotreating type A catalyst and hydrocracking type B catalyst were used individually with typical Kuwaiti refinery feedstocks, namely, hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (HVGO) and unconverted residual oil (UCRO), respectively. The order of reaction in this study shows first-order kinetics for HDS and HDN over CAT-A, and first-order hydrocracking conversion over CAT-B. For CAT-A the activation energies were found for HDS and HDN reactions at 22 and 27.3 kcal/gmole, while for CAT-B activation energies were 27.4 kcal/gmole.     

劣质柴油加氢改质催化剂的制备及其应用Ⅰ.催化剂制备方法及其催化四氢萘的反应规律

以Ni-Mo-W复合氧化物为活性组分前躯物,采用干混法、湿混法和共胶法分别制得3种不同的非负载型加氢催化剂,以四氢萘为模型化合物对其选择性开环脱芳烃性能进行评价。结果表明:四氢萘的加氢开环过程是由加氢脱氢、异构化、开环作用、脱烷基及烷基转移等反应组成的复杂反应;共胶法催化剂具有较高的加氢活性,四氢萘转化率较高,并且其异构化和开环能力显著高于其它两种催化剂;湿混法催化剂具有较高的加氢选择性,四氢萘转化率较高,但其异构化和开环选择性较低;干混法催化剂作用下的四氢萘转化率、异构化选择性、开环选择性及加氢选择性均较低。采用共胶法和湿混法催化剂时四氢萘加氢开环主要遵循单分子机理,生成重组分的量较少。     

Hydrogenation of Naphthalene on HY/MCM-41 Composite Supported Sulfided Ni-Mo Catalysts

A series of mesoporous molecular sieves, MCM-41 with different Si/Al molar ratios, were synthesized by hydrothermal method. The influence of aluminum content on the properties and pore structure of MCM-41 molecular sieves was investigated. The supported Ni-Mo catalysts with MCM-41 and γ-Al₂O₃ as supports were synthesized by impregnating with Ni-Mo-P solution. The activity of the catalysts was characterized by hydrogenation of naphthalene. The influence of Si/Al ratio of MCM-41 on hydrogenation activity of the catalysts was investigated. The results indicated that the relative crystallinity of MCM-41 decreases with the increase of aluminum content in the molecular sieves; however, the hydrogenation activity of the catalysts, especially the ring-opening activity, increases with the increase of aluminum content. The synergistic effect for hydrogenation of naphthalene was found by mixing MCM-41 and HY molecular sieves. At 360°C the catalysts with HY and MCM-41 mixture as supports had higher activity. The reaction network for hydrogenation of naphthalene includes two parallel pathways; naphthalene was hydrogenated to tetralin, then the isomerization and ring-opening of tetralin occurred, or tetralin was further hydrogenated to decalin, followed by the isomerization and ring-opening of decalin.     

IRON COMPOUNDS AND C0-Mo/Al2O3 CATALYSTS: ACTIVITY IN DIRECT HYDROGENATION OF A SUBBITUMINOUS A COAL WITH AN H-DONOR SOLVENT

The effectiveness of different catalysts were compared in coal liquefaction experiments using a 250 ml stirred autoclave, 10 g of a Spanish Subbituminous A coal, 1 hour reaction time, 17 MPa operating pressure, 400 rpm stirring speed, at 425 and 450 °C with 2/1 and 3/1 tetralin/coal ratio. The liquefaction products were fractionated into oils, asphaltenes, preasphaltenes and solid residue using pentane, toluene and THF as extractive solvents. Three iron-oxide containing catalysts: red mud, an Fe2O3 aerosol and Cottrell ash (by-product of the aluminium industry); and three alumina supported catalysts: CMA, which is a conventional CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst, CZMA which in addition contains Zn as a second promoter, and CZMFA which has the alumina acidified with fluorine and also contains Zn, were compared. It has been reported that the addition of Zn and of F enhances the HDS, cracking, hydrocracking or hydrogenating activities of CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts in experiments with pure compounds. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of Zn and of F has also a beneficial effect in the catalyst activities in coal liquefaction, and also to compare cheap iron containing catalysts with the more sophisticated and expensive alumina supported ones.

The results showed that 1) Catalysts effects depend on the operating conditions used, and that with tetralin, a strong H-donor solvent, they never are very pronounced. 2) The supported catalysts have higher activities in coal liquefaction than the iron ones, but there are no significant differences among the catalysts within each group. 3) Zn, which is a cheaper metal than Co, can substitute succesfully for half the amount of Co and retain the activity of the CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst in coal liquefaction. 4) The addition of F to the CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst does not show a benefecial effect     

Performance Evaluation Studies of First- and Second-Stage Hydrocracking Catalysts Using Kuwait Vacuum Gas Oil Feedstocks

In a two-stage hydrocracking process, two types of catalyst are used to remove undesirable contaminants (such as S, N, hydrogenation of aromatic compounds, etc.) and convert the heavy feedstock to lighter products. In the present work, individual set of experiments were conducted to obtain information regarding activity and selectivity with emphasis on the evaluation of kinetic parameters of first- and second-stage commercial catalysts used in hydrocracking process. The performance tests were conducted in a down-flow fixed-bed hydrocracking pilot plant using a single reactor. The hydrotreating type A catalyst and hydrocracking type B catalyst were used individually with typical Kuwaiti refinery feedstocks, namely, hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (HVGO) and unconverted residual oil (UCRO), respectively. The order of reaction in this study shows first-order kinetics for HDS and HDN over CAT-A, and first-order hydrocracking conversion over CAT-B. For CAT-A the activation energies were found for HDS and HDN reactions at 22 and 27.3 kcal/gmole, while for CAT-B activation energies were 27.4 kcal/gmole.     

氧化铝负载的钒催化剂的渣油加氢性能

In order to evaluate the role of vanadium in the hydrogenation (HYD) reaction, a series of alumina supported vanadium catalysts were prepared and characterized by SEM, XRD, Raman spectrometry, 51V NMR, XPS, as well as TPR analyses. The catalytic performance of vanadium in HYD of model molecules (naphthalene) and real feedstock (Kuwait atmospheric residue) was studied after sulfidation of the catalysts. It can be concluded that the HYD capabilities of V/Al2O3 catalysts are lower than that of conventional NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst (RefNiMo). The V/Al2O3 catalysts can only facilitate hydrogenation of the first ring of naphthalene, but have little effect on the further hydrogenation of tetralin. Owing to the different forms of metals and sulfur compounds in residue, the weak HYD activity of V/Al2O3 catalysts is able to facilitate the HDM reaction of the residue, albeit with a slight effect on HDS activity.     

磷、镍改性丝光分子筛催化剂上四氢萘加氢裂解反应性能

以丝光分子筛为载体,采用浸渍法制备系列磷、镍改性的分子筛催化剂,并利用X射线衍射、吡啶吸附红外光谱、NH3-程序升温脱附、固体魔角自旋核磁共振和氮气吸附-脱附等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明：磷通过与分子筛骨架铝的相互作用减弱了酸强度,同时通过脱铝作用形成丰富的L酸中心;镍的引入能与骨架铝作用形成扭曲四配位铝结构,但并不显著影响分子筛的酸性质。在四氢萘的加氢裂解反应过程中,助剂镍通过氢迁移与酸性位形成协同催化作用并极大地提高了分子筛的加氢裂解活性,而磷改性分子筛则具有更优良的抗积炭能力及催化稳定性。通过磷-镍复合改性的催化剂具有适当的加氢功能及优化的酸性分布,可提高四氢萘转化率及单环芳烃产物选择性,同时改善催化剂的运行稳定性。     

IRON COMPOUNDS AND C0-Mo/Al2O3 CATALYSTS: ACTIVITY IN DIRECT HYDROGENATION OF A SUBBITUMINOUS A COAL WITH AN H-DONOR SOLVENT

Abstract

The effectiveness of different catalysts were compared in coal liquefaction experiments using a 250 ml stirred autoclave, 10 g of a Spanish Subbituminous A coal, 1 hour reaction time, 17 MPa operating pressure, 400 rpm stirring speed, at 425 and 450 °C with 2/1 and 3/1 tetralin/coal ratio. The liquefaction products were fractionated into oils, asphaltenes, preasphaltenes and solid residue using pentane, toluene and THF as extractive solvents. Three iron-oxide containing catalysts: red mud, an Fe2O3 aerosol and Cottrell ash (by-product of the aluminium industry); and three alumina supported catalysts: CMA, which is a conventional CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst, CZMA which in addition contains Zn as a second promoter, and CZMFA which has the alumina acidified with fluorine and also contains Zn, were compared. It has been reported that the addition of Zn and of F enhances the HDS, cracking, hydrocracking or hydrogenating activities of CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts in experiments with pure compounds. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of Zn and of F has also a beneficial effect in the catalyst activities in coal liquefaction, and also to compare cheap iron containing catalysts with the more sophisticated and expensive alumina supported ones.

The results showed that 1) Catalysts effects depend on the operating conditions used, and that with tetralin, a strong H-donor solvent, they never are very pronounced. 2) The supported catalysts have higher activities in coal liquefaction than the iron ones, but there are no significant differences among the catalysts within each group. 3) Zn, which is a cheaper metal than Co, can substitute succesfully for half the amount of Co and retain the activity of the CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst in coal liquefaction. 4) The addition of F to the CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst does not show a benefecial effect     

四氢萘类化合物与萘类化合物混合加氢裂化反应规律的考察

在含HY分子筛的NiMo加氢裂化催化剂上,采用四氢萘类化合物（简称四氢萘类）及萘类化合物（简称萘类）含量不同的混合物为原料,考察四氢萘类与萘类的混合加氢裂化反应规律,并通过裂化产物中烃类物质的组成计算反应的转化率和选择性。结果表明：在四氢萘类含量相同、萘类含量增大的情况下,萘类转化率下降,四氢萘类开环生成烷基苯的选择性变化不大;在芳烃总量相当、甲基萘比例增大时,对四氢萘类异构开环生成烷基苯的抑制作用较明显。由于多环芳烃在催化剂表面的吸附系数较大,同时占据催化剂的加氢及酸性中心,抑制了四氢萘类的进一步加氢及异构反应,且异构开环反应受影响程度较大。     

DIFFUSION AND ADSORPTION OF TETRALIN HYDROCRACKING REACTION ON DIFFERENT ZEOLITES BY MOLECULAR SIMULATION

Three different zeolite catalysts with different pore sizes(MFI-type,BEA-type,and FAU-type zeolites)have been prepared.The influence of different zeolite catalysts on reactivity and product shape selectivity of tetralin is investigated.Clear differences are observed in the reactivity of tetralin and distribution of products achieved by different catalysts.The diffusion and adsorption behavior of the reactant tetralin and its intermediates,n-butylbenzene and 1-methylindane under the reaction conditions are simulated using molecular simulation methods.Upon combining simulation results and experimental observations,it is shown that the difference in diffusion coefficient and competitive adsorption capacity can explain the reactivity of tetralin and the selectivity of products.The steric hindrance of the MFI-type zeolite mainly limits the key step of ring opening of tetralin,leading to lower selectivity of ring-opening products.n-Butylbenzene molecules can diffuse sufficiently fast in the large pores of FAU-type zeolite and the weak adsorption capacity of n-butylbenzene leads to its insufficient cracking.In addition,it also explains the reason that the BEA-type zeolite has the best BTX selectivity,because it can satisfy both good ring-opening activity and sufficient butylbenzene cracking depth.     

四氢萘和十氢萘的催化裂化反应途径及特征产物

在小型固定流化床催化裂化试验装置上,考察了十氢萘和四氢萘在酸性催化剂上的裂化反应途径及特征产物。结果表明,初始阶段质子化裂化是四氢萘裂化的主要引发反应,H⁺攻击C-C键形成五配位正碳离子是十氢萘裂化的主要引发反应;随着反应深度的进行,氢转移反应成为四氢萘的主要反应,而十氢萘裂化生成的烷基环烷正碳离子的β断裂成为十氢萘的主要反应。四氢萘在酸性催化剂上的反应产物中萘、H₂和苯的摩尔分数最高,是其反应特征产物;十氢萘在酸性催化剂上的反应产物中异丁烷和汽油异构烷烃组分的摩尔分数最高,是其反应特征产物,为多环环烷烃或氢化芳烃的高效利用提供理论依据。