金属铀表面经CO处理后的腐蚀行为研究

采用增重法和电化学方法分别研究了金属铀表面经CO处理后在40℃干燥空气中的抗氧化能力和在14mmol/L Cl^-溶液中的抗化学介质腐蚀的能力。研究结果表明：金属铀表面经CO处理后，在40℃干燥空气中的抗氧化能力增强；在14mmol/L Cl^-溶液中的抗化学介质腐蚀的能力也增强，而且在实验所用CO剂量范围内，金属铀的抗腐蚀能力随C0剂量的增加而增强。     

CO处理对铀在40℃和70℃潮湿空气中抗蚀性能的影响

采用增重法研究了金属铀表面经CO处理后在40℃和70℃潮湿空气中的抗蚀能力。研究结果表明，在70℃潮湿空气中，其抗蚀能力增加不明显；而在40℃环境中，金属铀表面的抗蚀能力得到明显提高，且在实验范围内其抗能力随CO剂量的增加而增强。用俄歇电子谱（AES）分析了铀试样处理前后表层的成分变化。分析结果表明，铀表面径CO处理后，其表层形成了一定厚度的富碳层，并显示该富碳层对提高铀表面抗蚀能力起着重要作用。     

F/M钢在超临界水环境中的腐蚀性能

本文研究了F/M钢在超临界水（SCW）环境中的腐蚀性能。实验结果表明,F/M钢在SCW中的抗腐蚀性能较差,温度、溶氧浓度以及材料中的Cr含量对其腐蚀性能有较大影响。对12Cr表面进行盐浴复合处理（QPQ）、电镀Cr和磁控溅射Cr处理,以研究其对F/M钢在SCW中抗腐蚀性能的影响。研究表明,经电镀Cr和磁控溅射Cr处理的12Cr试样在SCW中具有优良的抗腐蚀性能,尤其是经磁控溅射Cr处理的试样,1 000 h后其表面氧化膜依然完整致密,而经QPQ的试样腐蚀严重。     

氧分子离子单独和组合注入对金属铀抗腐蚀性能的影响

报道了氧分子离子注入表面形成的氧化膜对铸态金属α－Ｕ的抗腐蚀性能的影响。经注入和未注入试样的电化学、９６℃饱和蒸汽腐蚀、５０ｍｇ／１ＫＣｌ溶液浸泡和室内大气环境下的腐蚀试验发现，氧分子离子单独和组合注入明显地改善了金属铀的抗腐蚀性能。Ｘ－射线衍射试验证实氧离子注入在试样表面形成了ＵＯ２保护层。     

金属铀环境腐蚀的表面状态研究

采用显微激光拉曼和傅立叶变换红外光谱技术,结合扫描开尔文力显微镜,在线研究了金属铀在大气环境中、一定温度范围内样品表面腐蚀的微区形貌和反应产物的变化情况。结果表明,金属铀在室温时表面微区形貌呈球形凸凹粒状不均匀分布,且在颗粒边缘和凹坑处表面电位较高,易发生点蚀。在大气环境条件下会吸附空气中的O2、H2O和CO2反应生成UO2、铀酰化物和碳酸盐等,不同温度加热,铀表面首先出现活性腐蚀亮斑,并逐渐积累长大,其主要氧化产物UO2在260℃以上开始转化为U3O8。     

超声波辅助超临界CO_2处理铀表面技术

开展了超声波对超临界CO2清洗铀样品表面污物效率影响的研究,探讨了利用超声波改善铀样品抗大气腐蚀效果的可行性。研究结果表明,向超临界CO2介质中引入超声波后,超临界CO2对样品表面的机油、水和三乙醇胺的清洗能力和效率都得到了显著提高。用俄歇电子能谱和XRD对样品表层成分及物相的分析结果表明,经过含φ=0.5%羰基镍的超临界CO2结合超声波处理的铀样品,表层一定深度范围内有镍元素存在。热氧化增重实验证实,经过超声波作用的含羰基镍超临界CO2处理后,铀样品抗大气腐蚀能力比仅用超临界CO2处理有明显增强。     

X射线衍射法研究铀在水气中的腐蚀

采用X射线衍射（XRD）原位研究了金属铀在潮湿氧气和潮湿氦气中不同温度下的腐蚀过程,对材料表面结构、化学组成以及腐蚀动力学进行了分析。结果表明,有氧条件下金属铀表面氧化层较致密,腐蚀速度慢;无氧条件下金属铀表面腐蚀产物疏松,腐蚀速度很快,且100 ℃下试样表面有片状产物剥落。动力学结果显示,潮湿环境中氧气的缺乏会引起金属铀腐蚀速度的加快。     

用X射线光电子能谱研究CO_2在金属铀表面的初期氧化行为

采用X射线光电子能谱技术(XPS)原位研究CO_2气体与清洁金属铀表面的相互作用机理。贫化铀试样在XPS分析真空室中经氩离子枪溅射蚀刻得到清洁金属铀表面。分别观测U4f_(7/2),Ols和Cls光电子峰随CO_2气体暴露剂量的变化,分析表面各元素化学状态的变化和表面化学反应过程。实验表明,CO_2气体首先在清洁金属铀表面解离吸附形成碳粒子、氧粒子和碳氧粒子等。吸附解离的产物导致金属铀表面形成UO_2,UC和自由碳粒子并可能生成碳酸铀。讨论了CO_2气体与清洁金属铀表面的相互作用机理,并与以前研究的O_2和CO气体与清洁金属铀表面反应的现象与机理进行了比较。     

石墨涂层对铀抗蚀性能的影响研究

为了提高铀的抗氧化腐蚀能力,利用石墨的粘附特性,在铀表面涂覆一层石墨,并进行真空热处理,在100℃条件下对热处理后的样品进行氧化腐蚀试验。结果表明,在测量腐蚀增重时间内,无论是初始氧化腐蚀还是长时间氧化腐蚀,经过真空热处理后的石墨层均能够起到对铀表面的保护作用。对不同热处理工艺参数对抗腐蚀性的影响进行了探讨,认为涂覆石墨层的铀表面经真空热处理后,表面膜层所发生的变化是提高铀表面抗腐蚀性的主要原因。     

金属铀表面含氧碳化物的组成与性质

金属铀的表面极活泼,易氧化腐蚀。为降低金属铀表面的活性,人们曾尝试采用真空热氧化的办法在其表面形成所谓的一氧化铀。应用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,XPS)和俄歇电子能谱(Auger Electron Spectroscopy,AES)研究了金属铀真空热氧化膜及其在大气中腐蚀的产物。分析结果得到金属铀真空热氧化膜主要含有二氧化铀(UO_2)和含氧碳化铀相(UC_xO_(1-x))。采用AES相对灵敏度因子法计算出UC_xO_(1-x)相组成近似为UC_(0.41±0.04)O_(0.62±0.01)。真空热氧化膜中的含氧碳化铀相在大气中会继续氧化腐蚀并产生二氧化铀和非束缚态碳。讨论了表面含氧碳化铀相对金属铀腐蚀性能的影响,认为表面含氧碳化铀相的存在是延缓金属铀在大气气氛中腐蚀的关键因数。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.