智能结构的压电片位置优化及主动控制研究

采用压电陶瓷作为作动器,对柔性结构的作动器位置进行了优化设计并对其进行了振动主动控制研究.首先分析了压电结构振动主动控制的原理和方法;采用基于作动器的模态影响矩阵对压电片进行了优化布置,使压电片配置在控制效能最优的位置.在存在噪声和干扰的情况下对智能结构进行控制,采用LQG/LTR和H∞方法对结构进行控制,并对二者的控制效果作了比较.结果显示在加入噪声和干扰后,进行适当的处理,采用LQG/LTR和H∞方法都能达到很好的控制效果,只是鲁棒性有差别.     

移动质量激励悬臂梁振动主动控制系统

利用压电材料的正逆压电效应,实现了移动质量激励悬臂梁振动主动控制;建立了压电元传感方程和作动方程,进一步将其转化为状态空间模型中的状态方程和输出方程;设计了基于线性二次型最优控制(LQR)策略的振动主动控制器,以TMS320VC33 DSP芯片为核心组建了相应的硬件电路。实验结果表明:采用压电自感作动器可很好地抑制移动质量激励引起的悬臂梁振动。     

不同作动器布局和时滞下柔性悬臂梁振动控制研究

由于压电作动器自身性能的限制,工程中可能需要使用多个压电作动器.本文研究了双压电作动器下柔性悬臂梁的时滞振动控制.研究发现,控制回路没有时滞时,双作动器在不同布局下都能对梁的振动实现等效控制,此时两个作动器输入电压成线性关系,该线性关系斜率与作动器分布位置相关.进一步地,针对有时滞情况,当改变作动器的布局和时滞,通过分段时滞状态反馈,系统仍能达到相同的控制效果.     

压电柔性机械臂的主动振动控制研究

针对柔性机械臂的振动问题,采用压电智能结构作为敏感器和驱动器进行主动控制.首先建立柔性机械臂的实验装置,其次对设计的柔性机械臂系统进行辨识研究,得到系统的前二阶模态频率,再次采用PD控制和PPF控制算法对柔性机械臂进行主动振动控制.实验结果表明,采用压电智能结构可以抑制柔性机械臂的振动,效果明显.     

采用MFC压电作动器对复合材料悬臂板振动主动控制

针对复合材料层合悬臂板,在其上表面铺设压电纤维复合材料MFC作为作动器,同时在下表面对称铺设压电薄膜(PVDF)作为传感器,应用速度反馈控制方法研究其主动振动控制.运用Hamilton原理和假设模态法推导含多个MFC作动器的复合材料层合板的力电耦合结构运动方程,其中考虑了MFC作动器作为悬臂板附加质量及刚度的影响.基于模态控制力/力矩最大化的原则,将多对MFC作动器/PVDF传感器铺设在层合悬臂板前几个低阶模态应变最大的区域,通过算例得出结构受控前后的时域和频域响应以及各MFC作动器所需的控制电压曲线.讨论复合材料层合板纤维铺设角度不同情况下,作动器MFC铺设位置及压电纤维铺设方向的相应变化.     

压电作动器在基于声辐射模态的ASAC中的应用

控制作动器的选取和设计是实现主动结构声学控制的关键一环。利用压电材料的逆压电效应,选择矩形压电片作为控制作动器应用于基于声辐射模态的主动结构声学控制中,提出了基于声辐射模态的压电作动器主动控制策略,并得到了最佳控制电压的获取方法。以简支板为例,通过压电作动器控制效果分析,揭示了压电作动器控制的内在规律;通过与单点力控制效果的比较分析,验证了压电作动器控制策略的优越性。     

带刚性基柔性附件振动鲁棒控制

研究了刚体基上柔性附件的振动鲁棒控制问题.介绍了结构奇异值μ理论,基于此理论设计鲁棒控制器,用压电材料作传感器和作动器(μ),用输出乘性不确定性结构来描述低阶标称模型与实际系统的误差,给出了系统μ控制器综合框架.以柔性梁附件为对象示例了分析过程.数值仿真结果表明μ控制器具有良好的鲁棒性能,用于振动控制是必要且可行的.     

测控技术在自适应桁架结构振动控制中的应用

自适应桁架中的测控技术涉及传感器、驱动器、信号信息处理单元及通信技术等多项关键技术.本研究针对空间柔性自适应桁架结构制作了实验模型,在其上布置压电传感器和作动器,借助测控系统平台,采用改进的二次积分力反馈控制方法研究了空间柔性自适应桁架结构的振动主动控制问题.实验研究表明该控制方法行之有效.     

智能柔性机械臂的建模和振动主动控制研究

针对伺服电动机、谐波齿轮减速器、柔性臂及压电致动器组成的智能柔性机械臂系统,基于假设模态法和Hamilton原理建立系统动力学方程.为了实现系统较高精度的位置控制,同时快速抑制柔性臂的弹性振动,提出了对伺服电动机采用PD(proportional derivative)控制、对压电致动器采用模糊(fuzzy)控制的复合控制策略.在数值仿真分析的基础上,搭建了智能柔性机械臂系统测控平台.数值仿真和实验结果表明所提出的控制策略是可行的:PD控制算法控制伺服电动机以较高的位置精度完成了系统运动控制,模糊控制算法控制压电致动器较快地抑制了柔性臂的弹性振动.实验中柔性臂的振动衰减时间由6.5s缩短为3.5s,提高了柔性臂末端的定位控制精度,改善了系统的操作效率.     

利用压电元件的空间挠性结构振动主动控制研究

挠性结构是一种典型的空间结构形式,这种结构有模态频率低、模态密集和阻尼小的特点,在外界扰动下易引起振动,对航天器的定位精度和精密仪器的正常工作造成影响,但传统的被动振动控制方法难以奏效。基于压电元件的振动主动控制是最有潜力的一种振动抑制方法。本文模拟空间结构制作一挠性梁,通过实验分析和压电传感器／驱动器布置位置和数量的优化设计,采用独立模态方法对梁的振动进行控制,取得了良好的抑振效果。     

Active vibration control of smart piezoelectric beams: Comparison of classical and optimal feedback control strategies

This paper presents a numerical study concerning the active vibration control of smart piezoelectric beams. A comparison between the classical control strategies, constant gain and amplitude velocity feedback, and optimal control strategies, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller, is performed in order to investigate their effectiveness to suppress vibrations in beams with piezoelectric patches acting as sensors or actuators. A one-dimensional finite element of a three-layered smart beam with two piezoelectric surface layers and metallic core is utilized. A partial layerwise theory, with three discrete layers, and a fully coupled electro-mechanical theory is considered. The finite element model equations of motion and electric charge equilibrium are presented and recast into a state variable representation in terms of the physical modes of the beam. The analyzed case studies concern the vibration reduction of a cantilever aluminum beam with a collocated asymmetric piezoelectric sensor/actuator pair bonded on the surface. The transverse displacement time history, for an initial displacement field and white noise force disturbance, and point receptance at the free end are evaluated with the open- and closed-loop classical and optimal control systems. The case studies allow the comparison of their performances demonstrating some of their advantages and disadvantages.     

主动约束层阻尼梁有限元建模与动态特性研究

基于弹性、粘弹性和压电材料的本构关系,利用Hamilton原理,推导了主动约束层阻尼梁的有限元动力学模型．结合压电材料的机电耦合特性,采用自感电压的位移反馈,研究了主动约束层阻尼梁的闭环控制特性．求解了主动约束层阻尼简支梁的动态特性如固有频率、模态损耗因子及频率响应特性等．对被动控制、主动控制和主被动混合控制的控制效果进行了分析比较．研究了粘弹性层与约束层厚度等参数对减振控制效果的影响．     

Simultaneous optimization of piezoelectric actuator topology and polarization

This article addresses the problem of piezoelectric actuator design for active structural vibration control. The topology optimization method using the Piezoelectric Material with Penalization and Polarization (PEMAP-P) model is employed in this work to find the optimum actuator layout and polarization profile simultaneously. A coupled finite element model of the structure is derived assuming a two-phase material, and this structural model is written into the state-space representation. The proposed optimization formulation aims to determine the distribution of piezoelectric material which maximizes the controllability for a given vibration mode. The optimization of the layout and poling direction of embedded in-plane piezoelectric actuators are carried out using a Sequential Linear Programming (SLP) algorithm. Numerical examples are presented considering the control of the bending vibration modes for a cantilever and a fixed beam. A Linear-Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is synthesized for each case of controlled structure in order to compare the influence of the polarization profile.     

适应连续外扰的时滞加速度反馈控制器

在采用加速度传感器的振动主动控制平台中,为了有效抑制外力可用微分方程描述的含输入时滞受迫振动响应,基于积分变换和状态导数极点配置法,提出了一种适应连续外扰的时滞加速度反馈控制器设计方法.以粘贴有压电陶瓷和加速度传感器的受正弦激励的智能梁为仿真控制对象,仿真结果表明,此控制器能在任意输入时滞下有效抑制智能梁的持续受迫振动响应.与不考虑时滞的同类控制器相比,该控制器有较好的稳定性及控制效果.     

挠性智能梁的振动控制

研究采用共位配置的压电敏感器和致动器的挠性是臂梁的振动控制问题,建立了智能梁的模型,设计了一种线性反馈控制律,并应用无空维空间的ＬａＳａｌｌｅ不变原理和线性半群理论证明了当敏感器和控制器的分布使得系统能镇条件成立时,所设计的控制抑制了梁的振动。     

Integrated distributed sensing and active vibration suppression of flexible manipulators using distributed piezoelectrics

Structural oscillation of flexible robot manipulators would severely hamper their operation accuracy and precision. This article presents an integrated distributed sensor and active distributed vibration actuator design for elastic or flexible robot structures. The proposed distributed sensor and actuator is a layer, or multilayer of piezoelectric material directly attached on the flexible component needed to be monitored and controlled. The integrated piezoelectric sensor/actuator can monitor the oscillation as well as actively and directly constrain the undesirable oscillation of the flexible robot manipulators by direct/converse piezoelectric effects, respectively. A general theory on the distributed sensing and active vibration control using the piezoelectric elements is first proposed. An equivalent finite element formulation is also developed. A physical model with distributed sensor/actuator is tested in laboratory; and a finite element model with the piezoelectric actuator is simulated. The distributed sensing and control effectiveness are studied.     

Distributed structural identification and control of shells using distributed piezoelectrics: Theory and finite element analysis

Distributed dynamic identification and vibration control of high-performance flexible structures has drawn much attention in recent years. This article presents an analytical and finite-element study on a distributed piezoelectric sensor and distributed actuator coupled with flexible shells and plates. The integrated piezoelectric sensor/actuator can monitor the oscillation as well as actively control the structural vibration by the direct/converse piezoelectric effects, respectively. Based on Maxwell's equations and Love's assumptions, new theories on distributed sensing and active vibration control of a generic shell using the distributed piezoelectrics are derived. These theories can be easily simplified to account for plates, cylinders, beams, etc. A new piezoelectric finite element is also formulated using the variational principle and Hamilton's principle. A piezoelectric micropositioning device was first studied; analytical solutions are compared closely with experimental and finite-element results. Distributed vibration identification and control of a zero-curvature shell-a plate-are also investigated.     

FAULT TOLERANT CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE SMART STRUCTURES USING ROBUST DECENTRALIZED FAST OUTPUT SAMPLING FEEDBACK TECHNIQUE

This paper presents the modeling, design and simulation of a Robust Decentralized Fast Output Sampling (RDFOS) feedback controller for the vibration control of a smart structure (flexible cantilever beam) when there is actuator failure. The beam is divided into 8 finite elements and the sensors / actuators are placed at finite element positions 2, 4, 6, and 8 as collocated pairs. The smart structure is modeled using the concepts of piezoelectric theory, Euler‐Bernoulli beam theory, Finite Element Method (FEM) techniques and the state space techniques. Four multi‐variable state‐space models of the smart structure plant are obtained when there is a failure of one of the four actuators to function. The effect of failure of one of the piezo actuators to function during the vibration of the beam is observed. The tip displacements, open and closed loop responses with and without the controller are observed. For all of these models, a common stabilizing state feedback gain F is obtained. A robust decentralized fast output sampling feedback gain L which realizes this state feedback gain is obtained using the LMI approach. In this designed control law, the control inputs to each actuator of the multi‐model representation of the smart structure is a function of the output of that corresponding sensor only and the gain matrix has got all off‐diagonal terms zero and this makes the control design a robust decentralized one. Then, the performance of the designed smart system is evaluated for Active Vibration Control (AVC). The robust decentralized FOS controller obtained by the designed method requires only constant gains and hence may be easier to implement in real time.     

Design and robust optimal control of smart beams with application on vibrations suppression

This paper presents the design of a vibration control mechanism for a beam with bonded piezoelectric sensors and actuators and an application of the arising smart structure for vibrations suppression. The mechanical modeling of the structure and the subsequent finite element approximation are based on Hamilton's principle and classical engineering theory for bending of beams in connection with simplified modeling of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Two control schemes LQR and H₂ are considered. The latter robust controller takes into account uncertainties of the dynamical system and moreover incompleteness of the measured information, it therefore leads to applicable design of smart structures. The numerical simulation shows that sufficient vibration suppression can be achieved by means of the proposed general methods.