悬移质动床模型试验含沙量比尺计算方法研究

对已有的含沙量比尺的确定方法进行了评述,指出存在问题的主要原因是在推导含沙量比尺中选用了不能同时适用于原型和模型的水流挟沙力公式。为此,以适用性较好的张红武公式为基础,通过简化处理和模型资料率定,得出了有一定理论基础的含沙量比尺计算公式。进一步分析和验证表明,该公式不仅能反映模型几何比尺和泥沙容重对含沙量比尺的影响,而且大量模型计算的含沙量比尺与实际采用的含沙量比尺较为接近,因而可以用于动床模型含沙量比尺的初步计算。     

低含沙量条件下张瑞瑾挟沙力公式中参数确定及其在荆江的应用

水流挟沙力公式及其参数选取的合理性,直接影响到悬沙输移及河床冲淤变形的计算精度。在少沙河流,张瑞瑾水流挟沙力公式被广泛应用,但其系数和指数在不同研究中取值差异较大。本研究首先选取长江中游相对冲淤平衡状态下的水流含沙量资料共计573组,将其近似等于水流挟沙力;然后点绘水流挟沙力和水沙综合参数的关系,从而确定参数k和m的计算关系;最后将完善后的水流挟沙力公式嵌入到一维水沙动力学模型中,模拟了长江中游荆江段2016年的水沙输移过程。计算结果表明:当挟沙力公式中参数采用计算式确定时,各水文站计算和实测含沙量平均相对误差在26%～36%之间;而这些参数取为常数时,含沙量平均相对误差范围为39～49%。因此当采用计算式确定张瑞瑾挟沙力公式中的参数时,相较于取值为常数,水沙输移过程的计算精度更高。故该方法解决了以往在低含沙量条件下不易确定挟沙力公式中关键参数的难题,提高了水沙数学模型的计算精度。     

关于沉沙池计算中的水流挟沙力

一度流超饱和输沙法是考虑了超饱和输沙特点的泥沙沉降计算方法．沉沙池内水流挟沙力是一定水力和床沙组成条件下水流挟带床沙质的能力．从已建沉沙池沉降标准、池内设计水流水力以及床沙组成条件来看，沉沙池运行前期、中期水流挟沙力一般都很小．用一度流趋饱和输沙法计算沉沙池沉降率时可不考虑水流换沙力的影响．均匀流条件下，用不考虑挟沙力和考虑挟沙力的一度流超饱和输沙法分别计算沉沙池的沉降率，二者相对误差取决于挟沙力与进口含沙量之比，该比值小于0．2时，相对误差小于20％．沉沙池内挟沙力与进口含沙量之比小于0.2时，用一度流趋饱和输沙法计算沉沙池的沉降率，可不考虑水流挟沙力的影响．     

悬移质动床模型设计中的时间比尺和含沙量比尺

从悬沙动床模型设计的一般问题出发，就时间变态的产生及其对试验结果的影响进行了分析，得出了含沙量比尺偏离导致时间变态产生的结论。在分析现有含沙量比尺确定方法的基础上，提出了由水流运动相似和河床变形相似来控制含沙量分布相似，从而求解含沙量比尺消除时间变态的途径     

拟焦沙阻力特性及水流挟沙能力试验研究

为了确定实体模型中拟焦沙的有关相似条件,通过水槽试验对其阻力特性及水流挟沙能力进行了研究,结果表明:拟焦沙的糙率为0.012～0.019;含沙量小于10 kg/m3时,水流挟沙力拟合公式计算值与实测值吻合较好.     

黄河高含沙洪水模型的相似条件

高含沙洪水模型相似律的研究是一个十分重要的课题。通过试验和理论分析，从挟沙水流运动及泥沙运动等方面研究了高含沙洪水模型的相似律，并就模型沙的选择及含沙量比尺的确定等问题进行了探讨。所提出了模型相似律得到了黄河高含沙洪水的验证。     

多沙河流水流输沙能力的研究

河道中出现的高含沙量水流绝大部分属于非均质两相水流，和低含沙水流一样，同样存在水流挟沙力问题.但由于高含沙水流性质的改变，其挟沙能力关系式与低含沙水流存在着较大的差别.本文分析了国内应用最为广泛的水流挟沙力关系式所存在的一些问题，提出了以水流紊动支持泥沙悬移为基础的水流挟沙力公式，并通过水槽输沙试验得到了含沙量较高(S>40kg/m3)时的一种新型挟沙力公式.该公式通过黄河下游、洛惠渠等实测资料的验证，结果令人满意，可应用于计算不同河槽形态的河道输沙能力，水流阻力.     

珠江河口潮汐水流挟沙力经验公式的探求

一、前言水流挟沙力是泥沙研究领域中的一个重要课题。河道的含沙量需要利用水流挟沙公式来计算,而含沙量又是河流输沙及河道演变的重要参数,因此,在进行河道冲淤计算时必须选择一个适当的水流挟沙力公式。目前对于河渠恒定流挟沙力的研究,国内外已有一些成果。而对于潮汐水     

非均均沙水流挟沙力公式的初步研究

本文以“制紊假说”为理论基础，从能量平衡出发，考虑了浑水相对粘滞性、上游来水来沙条件及床沙级配等因素对水流挟沙力的不同影响，建立新的非均匀沙分组水流挟沙力公式。收集天然河道实测水文资料对公式中的系数进行率定，并验证所建立的公式，结果表明，使用本文建立的非均匀沙流挟沙力计算公式。能计算一般含沙量及高含沙水流的挟抄能力，准确性较高。     

黄河水流挟沙力公式的验证

在评述已有水流挟沙力公式验证资料选取方法的基础上，从河床变形的基本概念出发，提出了天然河道强烈冲淤的判别指标。采用该指标选取水流挟沙力公式验证资料，对各家公式验证结果进行了相关性分析和误差分析。结果表明，6组代表性水流挟沙力公式中，张红武公式的计算值与验证资料最为接近，因此建议分析河床演变和数值模拟时选用该水流挟沙力公式。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.