通过细分市场深化我国风电开发

历经五年的快速发展,我国风电的市场规模已经跃居世界首位。与欧洲等国风电产业的分散式开发形式不同,我国风电的绝大部分装机容量采取的是集中建设、规模化发展的模式,这种模式培育和推动了我国完整的风电产业体系,为我国风电的长足发展积累了宝贵的经验。在坚定不移地推进风电基地建设的同时,充分开发利用地域分布广泛的相对丰富的风能资源,既是对原有开发经验的推广,也是将我国风电开发引向深入的一种选择。     

世界风电发展形势及我国风电制造业面临的机遇

世界风电在近10年取得了飞速发展,在欧洲和美国已经成为新增主力发电电源之一.文章从技术、装备和市场发展等角度总结了世界风电的最新进展,着重介绍了2008年后美国、德国、西班牙等风电大国政策的调整和支持风电发展的实际行动,提出未来世界风电市场潜力巨大,国内风机制造企业应及早准备,积极开拓国际市场.     

国外风电并网特点及对我国的启示

国外风电发达国家已有风电场大多装机规模较小,主要是分散接入配电网就地消纳。风电大规模并网依赖于坚强电网的支撑,同时也需要其他电源的支持和协调发展。如丹麦东部电网通过交流输电线路与挪威、瑞典、芬兰等国组成北欧电网,西部电网则通过德国电网与欧洲大陆互联电网相联,北欧电网中的大量水电为丹麦风电提供了足够的调峰支持;而美国大量具有灵活调节能力的燃气电站为风电快速发展提供了保障。国外针对未来风电大规模开发,规划通过高电压等级线路接入电网,远距离输送至负荷中心地区,并且扩展输电网以扩大风电消纳范围和规模。风电发达国家都制定了严格的并网导则且强制执行,风电收购政策根据风电发展的不同阶段不断调整,同时广泛开展了风电功率预测工作,并对风电进行有效调控。我国风电在持续快速发展中暴露出一些问题,如风电开发缺乏统一规划,配套电网建设难度较大;系统调峰能力不足;电网建设滞后于电源建设,尤其是跨大区电网的互联规模不足;风电技术和运行水平较低,相关政策有待完善等。建议我国应努力优化电源结构,增加电源装机中调峰电源和灵活调节电源的比重;建设坚强智能电网,解决风电大规模接入和输送问题;完善相关法律和政策支持体系。     

中欧海上风电产业发展比较

相对于陆地风能,海上风能资源丰富,发电产能大,海上风电将是最有可能大规模发展的能源资源之一。欧洲是世界发展海上风力发电的先驱,从1991年至2009年,欧洲建设完成并投入运营的共有38个海上风电场,装机容量达到2056MW,其中一半以上的海上风电场是近5年建成的。欧洲海上风电产业拥有先进的核心技术,海上风电场正朝着大规模、深水化、离岸化方向发展,目前正处于示范阶段向商业扩展阶段的过渡时期。而我国虽然拥有丰富的海上风能资源,但海上风电产业的发展却比较缓慢,目前还处于研发阶段和示范阶段的过渡期,海上风电技术仍然面临着核心技术缺失、行业标准混乱、研发能力不足等问题。我国海上风电产业发展面临的主要问题包括:缺乏统筹;产能过剩、质量不高;难以盈利;缺少标准、无法推广等。为促进我国海上风电产业的发展,政府应进一步细化海上风能开发的有关规定,完善政策体系,统筹产业发展,采取多种措施推进政策具体落实;充分发挥市场作用,构建海上风电产品认证检测体系;提升核心技术含量,提高产品技术水平和工艺水平;加快培养专业人才。     

欧洲海上风电场及其运行经验

海上丰富的风能资源和当今技术的可行性,预示着海上风电场将成为一个迅速发展的市场,海上风电设备产业将是一个经济增长点，文章简要叙述了欧洲海上风电技术发展与应用的现状,介绍了欧洲几大海上风电场的情况,并总结了一些关于海上风电场建设与运行的经验。     

加快我国风电产业的发展

经过20多年的努力,我国风力发电通过"科技攻关"、"863计划"、"光明工程"和国际合作等一系列项目的实施,积累了不少的经验,为加快风力发电产业发展打下了基础,特别是<可再生能源法>正式实施,将为我国风电产业发展提供良好的机遇.但是,我国风电产业发展也面对着挑战,所以要重视近期我国风电产业发展的重点,加大投入,提升我国风电制造业技术水平和创新能力,鼓励支持科研院所和有实力的企业建立风电研发中心.     

风力资源利用与新能源产业发展——基于玉门市产业转型和新能源基地建设考察

由于能源供应紧张和气候变化等因素影响,风力资源利用正受到全球性的广泛关注和热情实践。2009年全球风电装机容量新增3750×104kW,总装机容量达到1.58×108kW,同比增长31%;预计2020年全球风电装机将达到12.31×108kW,年装机达到1.5×108kW,风力发电量将占全球发电总量的12%。至2009年,中国风电装机容量累计达2600×104kW,预计到2020年风电占全国电力总装机容量的比例将达到10%左右。发展以风电、光电等可再生能源为主的新能源产业,是应对金融危机的有效途径,同时也是能源结构调整的必然选择。玉门市可供开发利用的风能资源储量在2000×104kW以上,全国首座千万千瓦级风电基地一期工程已在玉门开工奠基,为建设风、光、火、核互补的新能源基地创造了有利条件,但同时调峰电源、输出电网、电量消纳等问题也制约着其风电产业的健康快速发展。从全国情况看,存在风电产业成长与电网建设不协调、风电技术研发和设备制造能力不强、配套政策不完善等问题。建议国家应强化政策支持,把风电及其配套产业纳入国民经济发展规划统筹考虑,加大对技术研发的支持力度。     

世界风电产业发展综述

风力发电是目前最具商业化和市场竞争力的可再生能源技术。随着风电技术日趋成熟,风电产业在全球范围得到大力发展,并保持持续增长的势头。全世界风力资源丰富,风力发电将成为最重要的替代能源之一,但风电产业的发展受政策影响较大。文章阐述了世界风力发电产业的现状,分析了世界风电产业的发展趋势。     

英国可再生能源扶持政策的最新态势及启示研究——以海上风电产业为例

近些年来,海上风电产业渐成全球新能源产业的亮点。英国海上风电产业在短短十几年时间里获得了快速发展,领先于全球,其背后是英国政府强有力的扶持政策。文中结合相关数据,分析了英国支持可再生能源政策最新动态——差价合约制度的政策内涵、运作机制、配套制度及实施效果;并总结英国经验,提出了促进我国海上风电业发展的对策。     

2010中国风电成果统计

我国风能资源丰富,“十一五”时期,风电产业得到了快速发展。在《可再生能源法》及相关配套政策支持下,我国开展了大规模风电建设,产业规模迅速壮大,建设质量明显提升,关键技术取得重大突破,形成了较为完备的产业体系,其突出表现为：一是依托风能资源丰富地区,重点开发建设了8个千万千瓦级风电基地     

Review of recent offshore wind power developments in china

Rapid wind power development in China has attracted worldwide attention. The huge market potential and fast development of wind turbine manufacturing capacity are making China a world leader in wind power development. In 2010, with the newly installed wind power capacity and the cumulative installed capacity, China was ranked first in the world. In 2009, China also constructed and commissioned its first large offshore wind farm near Shanghai. Following earlier papers reviewing the state of China's onshore wind industry, this paper presents a broader perspective and up‐to‐date survey of China's offshore wind power development, making comparisons between the developments in the rest of the world and China, to draw out similarities and differences and lessons for the China offshore wind industry. The paper highlights six important aspects for China's offshore wind development: economics, location, Grid connection, technological development, environmental adaptation and national policies. The authors make recommendations for mitigating some outstanding issues in these six aspects for the future development of China's offshore wind resource. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of offshore wind power development in europe and the U.S.: Patterns and drivers of development

Since the turn of the 21^st century, the onshore wind industry has seen significant growth due to the falling cost of wind generated electricity. This growth has coincided with an interest in the development of offshore wind farms. In Europe, governments and developers have begun establishing small to medium sized wind farms offshore to take advantage of stronger and more constant winds and the relative lack of landowner conflicts. In the U.S., several developers are in the planning and resource evaluation phases of offshore wind farm development, but no wind farms are currently operational or under construction. In this paper, we analyze the patterns of development in Europe and compare them to the U.S. We find significant differences in the patterns of development in Europe and the U.S. which may impact the viability of the industry in the U.S. We also discuss the policies used by European nations to stimulate offshore wind development and we discuss the potential impacts of similar policies in the U.S.     

碳中和目标下风电消纳量的影响因素分析

分别从风电产量、需求量、政策、硬件配套4个方面选取8项指标,通过多元回归分析和聚类分析法对全国31个省（市、自治区）年风电消纳情况进行定量分析。结果表明：电价是影响消纳的最主要因素,其次政策、配套设施也有较大影响;聚类分析中第3类地区风电消纳整体情况最优,主要体现在风资源情况、政策导向及电网配套方面。据此探讨未来风电消纳提升路径,并提出相应建议及措施：完善政策与制度支持,加快细节性政策的落实和制定;健全碳市场与可再生能源电力市场交易制度及交易体系,利用电价调控市场影响消纳;加强电网等配套设施建设。     

Fostering a renewable energy technology industry: An international comparison of wind industry policy support mechanisms

This article examines the importance of national and sub-national policies in supporting the development of successful global wind turbine manufacturing companies. We explore the motivations behind establishing a local wind power industry, and the paths that different countries have taken to develop indigenous large wind turbine manufacturing industries within their borders. This is done through a cross-country comparison of the policy support mechanisms that have been employed to directly and indirectly promote wind technology manufacturing in 12 countries. We find that in many instances there is a clear relationship between a manufacturer's success in its home country market and its eventual success in the global wind power market. Whether new wind turbine manufacturing entrants are able to succeed will likely depend in part on the utilization of their turbines in their own domestic market, which in turn will be influenced by the annual size and stability of that market. Consequently, policies that support a sizable, stable market for wind power, in conjunction with policies that specifically provide incentives for wind power technology to be manufactured locally, are most likely to result in the establishment of an internationally competitive wind industry.     

基于新经济增长点视角的新能源产业生成要素分析

我国正日益加快能源产业战略转型的步伐,积极推进新能源产业的发展,着力培育新的经济增长点。新经济增长点的特征主要表现为产业关联效应强、旺盛的市场需求和发展潜力以及动态演变。新经济增长点的生成和培育需要综合考虑市场需求、创新能力、资源禀赋、政策环境四类要素的作用。市场需求是前提,创新能力是关键,资源禀赋是基础,政策环境是支撑,四大要素的优化配置和动态组合方能促进新经济增长点的生成。以徐州为例,新能源产业高度依赖欧美等发达国家的市场需求,加快开发国内市场是化解风险的有效途径;大部分核心技术主要依靠欧美发达国家,导致产品成本居高不下,必须进一步整合创新要素,加大自主创新力度;徐州具有发展光伏、风电、生物质能和环保蓄电池较好的资源禀赋,但资源优势有待进一步挖掘和放大,加快开发利用生物质能是促进徐州新能源产业长远健康发展的重要一环;政策环境是新能源产业发展的强大推动力,但还需进一步细化,增强可操作性。     

盐城新能源产业现状及发展趋势研究

目前盐城市新能源主要有风能、太阳能、生物质能以及新能源汽车产业。其中,盐城新能源汽车产业正处于起步发展的关键阶段;风能、太阳能和生物质能的开发利用正处于加速发展的起步阶段,尤其是风电装备产业发展迅速。盐城发展新能源产业具有机遇良好、自然资源优越、产业基础雄厚等优势。但同时也存在风电装备产业发展仍相对滞后、风电场土地使用不够集约、太阳能光伏产业发展陷入低潮、新能源汽车推广普及还有难度,缺乏整体规划、研发能力薄弱等制约因素;另外还存在技术障碍、运营成本高、安全与环境问题、盈利困难等产业繁荣背后的隐忧。应努力做好规划和组织引导工作,建立研发投入机制;继续加大扶持力度,改善政策环境和市场条件;注重整机的引进和大企业拉动;加大科技投入,增强研发能力;继续推进新能源汽车产业建设,以求做大做强。     

Development strategies for wind power industry in Jiangsu Province,China: Based on the evaluation of resource capacity

Jiangsu Province is one of the planned strategic areas for wind power development in China, but its current development of wind power industry is not so outstanding. Since, Jiangsu would encounter little market resistance, this paper focuses on the evaluation of resource capacity for wind power development in Jiangsu Province, including the wind energy capacity, land resources capacity and power grid capacity, in order to find their supportive or restrictive effects on the development of wind power industry. The results show that the wind energy resource in Jiangsu Province are sufficient to meet the needs of the development of wind farms; the extensive mudflat in the coastal areas also provides ideal site conditions for wind farms; but the power grid capacity is insufficient for the wind power development in Jiangsu. Therefore, from the aspect of enhancing the capacity of power grid for carrying wind power and from the other aspect of combining the non-grid-connected utilization and the large-scale storage of wind power, this paper suggests some strategies to overcome the constraints of grid capacity and promoting the wind power development in Jiangsu Province.     

欧盟可再生能源发展的新政策及对我国的启示

欧洲的可再生能源发展取得了很大的成就,并建立了有效的支持可再生能源发展的政策体系和框架,是世界可再生能源发展的领先者.文章介绍了欧盟在2007年1月提出的可再生能源发展的新的政策目标以及近期采取的新行动,并提出借鉴欧洲经验,支持我国可再生能源发展的行动建议.     

Wind power in Taiwan: Policy and development challenges

The main aim of this paper is in discussing the outcome of the government's policies aimed at promoting the wind power industry. By analyzing the policies on renewable energy and the direct and indirect support mechanisms, the author reviews the achievements, limitations and strategies faced during their various stages. This research discovered that the series of measures adopted between 2000 and 2005 including installation plans, financial incentives, feed-in tariffs, export credit subsidies and R&D, helped to initiate the early steps of private investment, and allow domestic wind capacity to see stable growth. After 2005 with more clear goals set for wind energy installed capacity policies, R&D and industrial cooperation mechanisms, there was even greater breakthrough in limited market, enabling Taiwan's fledgling wind power industry to take its first steps onto the international production chain. In particular, the passing of the Renewable Energy Development Act in 2009 incited rapid growth in the domestic market as well as driving further development in the domestic wind energy industry. Overall, in current stage there is a need to get a handle on the gap still existing between international technology and market and that in Taiwan, in order to strategically develop a competitive advantage globally.     

国外风力发电的发展 机制和政策法规述评

本文介绍了国外风力发电的强制性市场开发和经济激励等政策,并简要说明了各国政策的历史、当前状况和未来趋势。市场开发政策是风力发电政策的核心,典型政策包括优惠购买价格机制,对发展数量不限制;规定发展数量,价格通过招标确定的机制;规定电力构成中可再生能源比例,市场决定价格的机制。与市场开发政策相对应,各国在不同历史时期对风电实行各种经济激励政策,包括投资补贴、价格补贴、税收优惠、科研开发和项目示范。教育和宣传也是各国推动风电发展的重要措施。