Brazilian energy policies side-effects on CO2 emissions reduction

This study focuses on some of the programs and measures Brazil has undertaken over the past two or three decades in order to mitigate economic or environmental problems, which have also had positive effects on the reduction of the country's carbon dioxide emissions. Results show that, in the year 2000 alone, some 11% in CO₂ emissions from energy use in Brazil have been reduced compared to what would have been emitted that year had the actions reviewed here not been implemented in good time. As these actions have not been motivated as a strategy to curb global climate change, if their benefits related to avoided carbon emissions are not fully appraised in the near future, chances are that these policies may be discontinued. For instance, in the case of the business-as-usual scenario drawn up by the Ministry of Mines and Energy in 2001, the discontinuity of the policies analyzed here would result in CO₂ emissions 20% higher by 2020, compared to what would happen were these policies kept over the long term. Therefore, the perspective presented here spotlights some of the hidden benefits of the programs and measures underway in the country, justifying their continuation or even intensification.     

世界新能源和可再生能源发展

人口的增加、经济的发展、能源消费增长很快,全世界能源消费总量在１９７０年为８３亿吨标煤,到１９９５年为１４０亿吨标煤,增长了６８．７％,预计到２０２０年将达１９５亿吨标煤,５０年内年能源消费总量增长了１．３５倍。众多的人口、经济的全球化、能源的大量消费带来了一系列的环境问题,包括森林减少、植被破坏、水土流失、土壤沙化、水体污染、特别是化石能源的大量消费产生的温室效应,已引起了世界各国的关注。１９９２年在巴西里约热内卢召开的联合国环境与发展大会,通过了“２１世纪议程”,全世界行动起来保护人类生存的…     

国际上鼓励可再生能源发电制度的利弊分析

由于矿物能源资源的有限性和全球环境压力的增加，世界上许多国家都提高了对可再生能源重要性的认识，出台了不少新的政策和措施。我国政府近些年来一直积极探索以强制性手段保障可再生能源发展的有效机制，文中对世界各国的可再生能源政策体制和实践进行了系统的综述和利弊分析。     

国际可再生能源会议信息

2004/1/17-21欧洲可再生能源学术讨论会会议地点:德国柏林联系人:Eufores,EuropeanForumforRenew-ableEnergySources,RenewableEnergyHouse,26RuedeTrone,B-1000Brussels,Belgium.电话:+3225461948传真:+3225461934电子邮件:eufores@eufores.org网址:www.eufores.org2004/1/19-21欧洲可再生能源讨论会会议地点:德国柏林联系人:ChristineLins,SecretaryGeneral,EREC,EuropeanEenewableEnergyCouncil,26,RueduTrone,B-1000Brussels,Belgium电话:+3225461933传真:+3225461934电子邮件:berlin2004@erec-renewables.org网址:www.ere…     

Effects of energy policies on industry expansion in renewable energy

Energy policies may lead to important industrial outcomes. This paper investigates the impacts of energy policies on industry growth in renewable energy. Research tools employed include the commercialization process, value chain analysis, and empirical case studies. Different renewable energy technologies and geographical regions are considered covering over 50% of the world markets of the technology fields considered. Market deployment measures that enhance home markets of domestic industries will in most cases lead to growing industrial activities. Irrespective of the domestic market situation, pure investment or R&D support alone to already strong industries in related fields may be powerful to help with diversification into sustainable energy business. Several exogenous factors such as timing, size factors, geography, etc. will influence both the industrial and policy positioning in practice. The results indicate that there are increased industrial opportunities in renewable energy to be captured not only by large countries or through large public resources, but also smaller countries can gain success through clever policies and optimal managing of the commercialization process.     

国内可再生能源新闻

太阳能中国环境标志太阳能标准颁布,首批21家企业获得认证(本刊记者王廷飞)继不久前有关领导透露太阳能热水器行业国家标准将有所提高之后,国家环保总局也出新举措,于日前颁布了专门针对太阳能     

可再生能源发电

可再生能源是指不会随人类的开发利用而衰减的能源,如风能、太阳能、生物质能、小水电（指设计能力低于２５兆瓦的工程）、海洋能、垃圾再利用能源、垃圾掩埋沼气、污水处理沼气、地热能等。我国的自然资源总量排世界第７位,能源资源总量居世界第３位。其中可再生能源资源尤其丰富,可开发风能资源２．５亿千瓦,水能资源７５４０万千瓦,生物质能１．２５亿千瓦,地热能６７０万千瓦,另外还有数量巨大的太阳能及城市垃圾利用潜力。１我国太阳能资源我国地处北半球欧亚大陆的东部,幅员辽阔,有着十分丰富的太阳能资源。我国各地的太阳辐…     

国内外可再生能源政策综述与进一步促进我国可再生能源发展的建议

介绍了国内外促进可再生能源发展的法律法规、价格、投资、税收、金融、进出口、产业化等方面的主要政策;指出了我国针对可再生能源发展已经建立了比较全面的优惠政策体系,但操作措施的力度尚需要加强;为此提出了制定可再生能源发电上网的若干规定、可再生能源专项基金、税收优惠和优惠贷款政策以及相应的机构能力建设的具体建议。     

Exergy analysis of renewable energy sources

Oil crises in the past years made more obvious the dependency of economies on fossil fuels. As a consequence, the need for new energy sources became more urgent. Renewable energy sources could provide a solution to the problem, as they are inexhaustible and have less adverse impacts on the environment than fossil fuels. Yet, renewable energy sources technology has not reached a high standard at which it can be considered competitive to fossil fuels. The present study deals with the exergy analysis of solar energy, wind power and geothermal energy. That is, the actual use of energy from the existing available energy is discussed. In addition, renewable energy sources are compared with the non-renewable energy sources on the basis of efficiency.     

Waste-to-energy: A way from renewable energy sources to sustainable development

Nowadays, energy is key consideration in discussions of sustainable development. So, sustainable development requires a sustainable supply of clean and affordable renewable energy sources that do not cause negative societal impacts. Energy sources such as solar radiation, the winds, waves and tides are generally considered renewable and, therefore, sustainable over the relatively long term. Wastes and biomass fuels are usually viewed as sustainable energy sources. Wastes are convertible to useful energy forms like hydrogen (biohydrogen), biogas, bioalcohol, etc., through waste-to-energy technologies.In this article, possible future energy utilization patterns and related environmental impacts, potential solutions to current environmental problems and renewable energy technologies and their relation to sustainable development are discussed with great emphasis on waste-to-energy routes (WTERs).     

国际可再生能源会议信息

时间:2003/5/5～8第5届国际动力、电力和电子工程展览会会议地点:马来西亚吉隆坡联系人:Vera A—Akomeah.Exhi—bitions Administrator,ExhibilionsDepartment,BEAMA,WestminsterTower,3 Albe~ Embankment.London.SEl 7SL.电话:02077933025传真:02077933003电子邮件:exhibitions@beama.org.Ⅱk时间:2003/5/6～8欧洲、i电力讨论会会议地点:德国杜塞尔多夫联系人:Jane Stevens.conferenceCo—ordinator.电话:+44(O)1992656637传真:+44(0)1992656704:电子邮件:attendingpge@pennwell.COB;网址:pge2003.events.pennnet.com/home~cfi…     

国际可再生能源会议信息

时间:2004/6/7-10可再生能源和节能技术讨论会会议地点:英国沃特福德电子邮件:resource04@bre.co.uk时间:2004/6/17-192004年水能利用讨论会会议地点:瑞典法耳肯堡联系人:ESHA,26,RuedeTrone,B-1000Brussels,Belgium电话:+3025461933传真:+3225461947Email:esha@arcadis.be网址:www.esha.be时间:2004/7/10-142004年太阳能会议会议地点:美国俄勒冈州联系人:BeckyCampbell-Howe,Di-rectorofOperations,AmericanSolarEnergySociety电话:+13034433130x103电子邮件:bchowe@ases.org网址:www.ases.org时间:2004/7/26-8/5地中海太阳能建筑…     

Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources

The origin and continuation of mankind is based on water. Water is one of the most abundant resources on earth, covering three-fourths of the planet's surface. However, about 97% of the earth's water is salt water in the oceans, and a tiny 3% is fresh water. This small percentage of the earth's water—which supplies most of human and animal needs—exists in ground water, lakes and rivers. The only nearly inexhaustible sources of water are the oceans, which, however, are of high salinity. It would be feasible to address the water-shortage problem with seawater desalination; however, the separation of salts from seawater requires large amounts of energy which, when produced from fossil fuels, can cause harm to the environment. Therefore, there is a need to employ environmentally-friendly energy sources in order to desalinate seawater.After a historical introduction into desalination, this paper covers a large variety of systems used to convert seawater into fresh water suitable for human use. It also covers a variety of systems, which can be used to harness renewable energy sources; these include solar collectors, photovoltaics, solar ponds and geothermal energy. Both direct and indirect collection systems are included. The representative example of direct collection systems is the solar still. Indirect collection systems employ two sub-systems; one for the collection of renewable energy and one for desalination. For this purpose, standard renewable energy and desalination systems are most often employed. Only industrially-tested desalination systems are included in this paper and they comprise the phase change processes, which include the multistage flash, multiple effect boiling and vapour compression and membrane processes, which include reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. The paper also includes a review of various systems that use renewable energy sources for desalination. Finally, some general guidelines are given for selection of desalination and renewable energy systems and the parameters that need to be considered.     

Cyprus energy system and the use of renewable energy sources

Cyprus is an island state whose energy production is almost completely dependent on imported hydrocarbon fuels. Its electricity production sector is more than 90% dependent on oil products while the remaining 9% are covered by imports of coal (4.5%) and by solar energy (4.5%). Because Cyprus will become a full member of the European Union (EU), it becomes essential to follow the EU white paper rules and insert renewable energy sources (RES) as part of its energy production system. Solar, wind energy and biomass are the three available forms of RES. This paper will examine and analyze the energy system of Cyprus. It will examine the RES available and the extent of the energy needs could be satisfied by them.     

Global warming and renewable energy sources for sustainable development in Turkey

Turkey, with its young population and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its economic development, has been one of the fast growing power markets of the world for the last two decades. It is expected that the demand for electric energy in Turkey will be 300 billion kWh by the year 2010 and 580 billion kWh by the year 2020. Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the renewable energy sources in Turkey.