Laboratory evaluation of incorporating waste ceramic materials into Portland cement and asphaltic concrete

Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating fired ware scrap, a waste ceramic material from automobile manufacturing, into pavement material. In this study, crushed fired ware scraps were added into Portland cement concrete (PCC) and hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to replace fine aggregates.The results of this study indicated that the fired ware scraps can be potentially used in the Portland cement concrete and HMA mixture. The compressive strength of PCC was improved by adding crushed scrap. However, due to the high water absorption of the crushed scrap, crushed scrap content is recommended to be less than 10% and a water reduction additive is recommended to provide adequate workability. For HMA, the test results indicated that adding a certain amount (up to 15% by weight) of ground scrap improved the binder’s total resistance to deformation. The dynamic modulus, flow number and indirect tensile strength of the HMA mixture were all improved by adding “filler” made of ground scrap. 2.5% “filler” content was recommended for a dense-graded HMA surface mixture.     

The effects of using lime and styrene–butadiene–styrene on moisture sensitivity resistance of hot mix asphalt

This study focuses on determining the effects of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) and using mineral filler with lime on various properties of hot mix asphalt especially moisture damage resistance. The asphalt cement was modified with 2%, 4% and 6% SBS. The lime treated mixtures containing 2% lime by weight of the total aggregate as filler. The physical and mechanical properties of polymer modified binder and binder–aggregate mixes were evaluated through their fundamental engineering properties such as dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), rotational viscosimeter (RV) for binders, Marshall stability, stiffness modulus, indirect tensile strength and moisture susceptibility for mixes. The retained Marshall stability (RMS) and tensile strength ratio (TSR) values were calculated to determine the resistance of mixtures to moisture damage. To investigate clearly the effective of SBS and lime seven freeze–thaw cycle was applied to specimens at TSR test. The results indicate that application of SBS modified binders and lime as mineral filler one by one improves the stability, stiffness and strength characteristic of hot mix asphalt. According to retained Marshall stability it is concluded that addition of only 2% lime have approximately same effect with addition of 6% SBS. Using lime together within the SBS modified mixes exhibit high accordance and exacerbates the improvement of properties. Specimens containing both 2% lime and 6% SBS, have the highest stiffness modulus which is 2.3 times higher than those of the control mixture and showed the least reduction in tensile strength ratio while maintaining 0.70 tensile strength ratio after seven freeze–thaw cycle.     

An experimental study on fatigue properties of emulsion and foam cold recycled mixes

Asphalt emulsion and foam asphalt cold recycling techniques are widely used in asphalt pavement rehabilitation in China. However, after a review of literature, no comparisons of fatigue properties for cold recycled mixes were found. The objective of this study was to determine the fatigue properties of asphalt emulsion and foam asphalt cold recycled mixes using the Nottingham Asphalt Tester (NAT) (Cooper NU-14 tester). In this research, foam and emulsion cold recycled mixes were evaluated for indirect tensile strength, stiffness modulus at three temperatures and four stress levels, and fatigue life at 15 °C and four stress levels. In addition, the law of displacement (deformation) and crack development were also analyzed during the fatigue testing. The results indicated that stiffness modulus decreased with increasing temperatures and stress levels. Through indirect tensile fatigue testing at different stress levels, foam mixes displayed a higher fatigue life at low stress levels, while emulsion mixes displayed a higher fatigue life at higher stress levels. According to the law of vertical displacement (deformation) and crack development, emulsion mixes included three states of displacement development, while foam mixes included two stages of displacement development. Qualitative analysis indicated that emulsion cold recycled mixes showed a plastic fatigue failure, due to its visco-elastic characteristics, while fatigue damage of foam asphalt cold recycled mixes showed a brittle fracture.     

Effect of Portland cement and lime additives on properties of cold in-place recycled mixtures with asphalt emulsion

Due to lack of previous research on applying additives in Cold In-Place Recycling (CIR) mixes in this study, Portland cement and lime were used as additives. The Portland cement was introduced in powder form and lime was utilized as hydrated lime in powder form and lime slurry, and the effects of each additive on properties of CIR mixes has been evaluated. The results showed that both lime and Portland cement can increase Marshall stability, resilient modulus, tensile strength, resistance to moisture damage and resistance to permanent deformation of CIR mixes. Use of Portland cement and lime slurry had better results than hydrated lime but due to the difficulties in producing lime slurry in practice, the use of Portland cement is recommended.     

水泥稳定砖与混凝土再生集料混合料的疲劳性能

研究了水泥稳定砖与混凝土再生集料(RBCA)混合料的无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度与抗压回弹模量等基本物理力学性能,并开展了水泥稳定RBCA混合料的四点弯曲疲劳试验;基于Weibull分布确定了混合料的疲劳寿命预估模型,分析了RBCA掺量对混合料疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:随着RBCA掺量的增加,水泥稳定RBCA混合料的无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度与抗压回弹模量均先增大后减小,弯拉强度也具有类似规律;相同级配与水泥剂量下,混合料的疲劳寿命随着RBCA掺量的增加而增大,且RBCA掺量较小时其混合料疲劳寿命增幅较大,后续增幅变小;加入RBCA可提高水泥稳定碎石混合料的抗疲劳性能.     

Use of basalt in asphalt concrete mixes

One of the main reasons behind the appearance of early distresses in Jordan roads and the low surface skid resistance is the use of marginal quality limestone aggregate. Large quantities of good quality basalt are available in the Northeastern parts of Jordan. In this research, the possibility of improving the properties of local asphalt concrete mixes by replacing different portions of the normally used limestone aggregate by basalt was investigated. The replacement included total replacement of the limestone by basalt, replacing the coarse aggregate, and replacing the fine aggregate. Results showed that the optimal mix was the mix that had basalt coarse aggregate and limestone fine aggregate. In order to overcome the stripping potential of the optimal mix, 20% of the filler portion of the aggregate, material smaller than 0.075 mm, was replaced by lime. The optimal mix showed superiority, over the tested mixes, in all the evaluated properties, which were Marshall Stability, indirect tensile strength, stripping resistance, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, fatigue, and rutting.     

Potential of recycled fine aggregates powder as filler in asphalt mixture

The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential of using recycled fine aggregates powder (RFAP) as filler in asphalt mixtures. RFAP is a by-product of the production of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA). The disposal of RFAP may cause many serious environmental problems. It is necessary to find potential usage to avoid these problems.In this study, RFAP is used as filler in asphalt mixture by totally replacing conventional limestone powder (LP). Firstly, the properties of RFAP is studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Then the indirect tensile strength and modulus tests, three-point bending tests, dynamic creep tests and fatigue tests are conducted to compare the properties between asphalt mixtures with RFAP and traditional asphalt mixture with LP. Results indicate that RFAP can improve the properties of asphalt mixture, such as including water sensitivity and fatigue resistance. However, it may cause a little decrease of the low-temperature performance. All the results indicate that the RFAP can be used in asphalt pavement, especially in hot regions.     

Strength reduction factors for structural rubbercrete

Many researches have been carried out to study the fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing crumb rubber as replacement to fine aggregate by volume, yet there is no specific guideline has been developed on the mix design of the rubbercrete. The experimental program, which has been developed and reported in this paper, is designed and executed to provide such mix design guidelines. A total of 45 concrete mixes with three different water to cement ratio (0.41, 0.57 and 0.68) were cast and tested for fresh and mechanical properties of rubbercrete such as slump, air content, unit weight, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Influence of mix design parameters such as percentage of crumb rubber replacement, cement content, water content, fine aggregate content, and coarse aggregate content were investigated. Three levels of slump value (for conventional concrete mixes) has been selected; low, medium and high slump. In each slump level, water content was kept constant. Equations for the reduction factors (RFs) for compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity have been developed. These RFs can be used to design rubbercrete mixes based on the conventional mix (0% crumb rubber content)     

乳化沥青水泥稳定碎石混合料的疲劳性能试验

为研究不同乳化沥青掺量下水泥稳定碎石混合料的疲劳性能,对室内静压成型的中梁试件进行了四点弯拉疲劳试验,并基于Weibull分布建立了乳化沥青水泥稳定碎石混合料的疲劳寿命预估模型.结果表明:掺入乳化沥青后,水泥稳定碎石混合料的弯拉强度略微降低,但弯拉变形和弯拉应变功显著增大;混合料的疲劳寿命在低应力水平下明显提高,在高应力水平下近似不变,乳化沥青的掺入有效提高了水泥稳定碎石混合料的疲劳性能.     

Laboratory comparison study for the use of stone matrix asphalt in hot weather climates

Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) is a hot mixture asphalt consisting of a coarse aggregate skeleton and a high binder content mortar. It was developed in Germany during the mid-1960s and it has been used in Europe for more than 20 years to provide better rutting resistance and to resist studded tyre wear. The main objective of this research study was to compare the performance of the normally used dense graded asphalt mixtures, named in this research as control mixtures, and SMA mixtures. Samples from both mixtures were fabricated at their optimum asphalt contents that were 5.3% for control mixtures and 6.9% for SMA mixtures. Comparison performance tests that included Marshall stability, loss of Marshall stability, split tensile strength, loss of split tensile strength, resilient modulus, fatigue, and rutting testing were performed on both mixtures. Test results showed that although the control mixtures have higher compressive and tensile strengths, SMA mixtures have higher durability and resilience properties. In addition, although the research could not prove the superiority of SMA in rutting resistance because of the limited sample sizes, field performance of SMA mixtures proves its superiority. Therefore, especially in hot weather climates, these properties, (durability, resilience and rutting resistance) give SMA mixtures advantages over dense graded mixtures.     

高贝利特水泥混凝土性能

与硅酸盐水泥混凝土比较,研究了高贝利特水泥混凝土不同龄期的抗压强度,抗拉强度和抗拉弹性模量;高贝利特水泥混凝土的抗冻性、抗渗性和抗硫酸镁侵蚀性能。结果表明,高贝利特水泥混凝土7d龄期的抗压强度低,90d龄期的抗压强度是硅酸盐水泥混凝土的117．6％;28d龄期高贝利特水泥混凝土的抗拉强度和抗拉弹性模量分别是硅酸盐水泥混凝土的116．6％和94．8％;高贝利特水泥混凝土的抗冻性与硅酸盐水泥混凝土基本相同;抗渗和抗硫酸镬侵蚀性能优。高贝利特水泥混凝土早期强度低,后期强度增长率大,抗拉强度高,弹性模量低。高贝利特水泥混凝土的耐久性和后期力学性能优于硅酸盐水泥混凝土。     

Performance evaluation of high modulus asphalt mixtures for long life asphalt pavements

This paper describes the results of laboratory and full scale performance tests for a high modulus asphalt binder (HMAB) and mixes (HMAM) developed in this study for long life asphalt pavements. Various binder tests were first conducted on the HMAB and test results showed that the stiffness of the HMAB was significantly increased compared to the conventional binder without changing the low temperature properties of the binder. Laboratory tests for the mixes included dynamic modulus, moisture susceptibility, wheel tracking and fatigue tests.Dynamic modulus test results showed that the modulus of the HMAM was 50% higher than those of the conventional mix at the high temperatures. The results of performance test indicated that the resistances of the HMAM against moisture, rutting, and fatigue damage were better than those of the conventional mix. It was also found from the full scale test sections that the tensile strain values at the bottom of the asphalt layer for the HMAM sections were lower than those of the conventional mix sections although the asphalt layer thicknesses of the HMAM sections were thinner than those of the conventional sections. All the tensile strain values measured from the HMAM sections were within the fatigue endurance limit of 70 microstrain which is the fatigue criterion of a long life asphalt pavement. Similar to the wheel tracking test results, the rut depth occurred in the thick HMAM test section was two times smaller than the conventional pavement section.     

The effects of porosity,asphalt content and fiberglass incorporation on the tensile strength and resilient modulus of asphalt concrete blends

Asphalt concrete is the prevailing material used for road surface construction. Its adequate characteristics in providing stability, durability and driving safety are controlled by complex interactions between its components. Thus, it is important to estimate the sensitivity of asphalt concrete mechanical properties as a function of its volumetrics. For this study, different combinations between asphalt content (3.5, 5 and 7.5%) and porosity values (above 4%) were used in order to disassociate these properties. The influence of mixing in fiberglass (0.5%) was also analyzed. It was found that porosity is significantly more relevant than the asphalt content in the prediction of tensile strength and resilient modulus of fiber-free asphalt concretes. In fiber-reinforced mixtures, the mechanical properties are improved by increasing the asphalt content, which suggests a better bonding between fibers and aggregates. For both cases, decreasing porosity is beneficial. By grouping both sets of results, it was possible to create a unique theoretical curve for both the tensile strength (q_t) and the resilient modulus (RM). The RM/q_t ratio was 5800 for the fiber-free group, and 3900 for the fiber-reinforced group - suggesting a better fatigue life indicator for asphalt concretes when fibers are added.     

Characteristics of lightweight concrete containing mineral admixtures

This research investigates the properties of fresh and hardened concretes containing locally available natural lightweight aggregates, and mineral admixtures. Test results indicated that replacing cement in the structural lightweight concrete developed, with 5–15% silica fume on weight basis, caused up to 57% and 14% increase in compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, respectively, compared to mixes without silica fume. But, adding up to 10% fly ash, as partial cement replacement by weight, to the same mixes, caused about 18% decrease in compressive strength, with no change in modulus of elasticity, compared to mixes without fly ash. Adding 10% or more of silica fume, and 5% or more fly ash to lightweight concrete mixes perform better, in terms of strength and stiffness, compared to individual mixes prepared using same contents of either silica fume or fly ash.     

Laboratory fatigue models for recycled mixes with bitumen emulsion and cement

The role of cement in cold recycled mixes with bitumen emulsion (CRME) have been extensively investigated. In most cases it is affirmed that cement will stiffen the mix and will decrease its moisture sensivity and temperature susceptibility and will increase its resistance against permanent deformation. Nevertheless the effect of cement on the fatigue properties of these mixes is not clearly understood. Because of crystalline nature of the pozzolanic bonds, cemented materials tend to be brittle which can reduce the flexibility and fatigue life of recycled mixes. In this research in order to develope fatigue models for these mixes, extensive indirect tensile fatigue and resilient modulus tests were performed at different temperatures (varying from −10 to 25 °C) and curing times (varying from 7 to 120 days). Test results showed that the effects of cement on fatigue life of mixes is related to the initial strain level assumed in testing. At 300 microstrain level and above, the addition of cement caused a reduction in fatigue life, whereas below 300 microstrain the reverse was true. Finally based on laboratory testing results distinct models were established for different boundary strain levels.     

Influence of parent concrete on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete

This paper discusses first the properties of recycled aggregates derived from parent concrete (PC) of three strengths, each of them made with three maximum sizes of aggregates. The relative physical and mechanical properties of fresh granite aggregate are discussed. Using these nine recycled aggregates, three strengths of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) were made and studied. Typical relationship between water–cement ratio, compressive strength, aggregate-cement ratio and cement content have been formulated for RAC and compared with those of PC. RAC requires relatively lower water–cement ratio as compared to PC to achieve a particular compressive strength. The difference in strength between PC and RAC increases with strength of concrete. The relative evaluation of tensile and flexural strengths and modulus of elasticity has also been made.     

Effect of seawater for mixing and curing on structural concrete

In this article, the effects of mixing and curing concrete with seawater on the compressive, tensile, flexural and bond strengths of concrete are investigated. Concrete mixes were prepared by varying coarse aggregates, cement proportions and types. Six groups of concrete mixes were mixed and cured in fresh water, six groups were mixed and cured in seawater, while four groups were mixed with fresh water and cured in seawater. The compressive strength and subsequently the other related strengths of concrete were shown to increase for specimens mixed and cured in seawater at early ages up to 14 days, while a definite decrease in the respective strengths was observed for ages more than 28 days and up to 90 days. The reduction in strength increases with an increase in exposure time, which may be due to salt crystallisation formation affecting the strength gain.     

混凝土路面碎石化效果检测与分析

采用Multi-Head Breaker(MHB)碎石化处理技术对旧水泥混凝土路面进行处理,以消除沥青混凝土加铺层的反射裂缝。结合试验路段的实施,对MHB破碎后路面进行沉降观测、回弹模量及回弹弯沉测试,并对MHB破碎效果及其对路基的影响进行了分析与评价。     

半柔性水泥乳化沥青混凝土面层材料的研究与应用

通过室内试验研究了水泥乳化沥青混凝土(CEAC)的马歇尔稳定度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗压回弹模量等性能,并在此基础上确定了施工配合比,在宜洋公路改扩建工程中作为下面层铺筑了试验路进行验证。     

A parametric study on the laboratory fatigue characteristics of recycled mixes

There are not enough information about the fatigue characteristics of cold recycled mixes with bitumen emulsion and cement. In this research with the purpose of studying the fatigue characteristics of these mixes and determining the effects of different parameters, several laboratory recycled specimens containing CSS-1h bitumen emulsion and two types of cements (type I and I (PM) pozzolanic cement) have been prepared and tested. The main laboratory tests consisted of resilient modulus and indirect tensile fatigue test. After curing specimens in laboratory conditions, specimens were tested at three different temperatures and curing times. For each recycled specimen, studied parameters consisted of cement type, cement content, test temperature and curing time. According to obtained results, by increasing cement content and decreasing temperature, the slope of fatigue line will be decreased but no considerable change in fatigue behavior was occurred upon increasing the curing time. Furthermore, in comparison with reference specimens (i.e. specimens with no cement) and type I cement specimens, I (PM) cement had the mean fatigue behavior. At low initial strain levels, the fatigue life of I (PM) cement specimens were more than reference specimens and less than type I cement, whereas at high initial strain levels, the fatigue life of I (PM) cement specimens were more than type I cement and less than the reference specimens.