上海地区市售生鲜肉中单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的污染监测分析

目的 调查上海地区市售生鲜肉中单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的污染情况。方法 2018年7月到2019年4月,从上海市88家农贸市场和42家超市抽样308件,其中鲜猪肉114件、整鸡92件、鲜牛肉102件。按食品安全国家标准分别进行单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的检测,采用VITEK2全自动生化鉴定仪对疑似菌株进行鉴定确认,并对沙门氏菌分离株进行血清分型。结果 生鲜肉中单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的检出率为分别为28.2%和39.6%,其中鲜牛肉（48.0%）中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的检出率显著高于猪肉（17.5%）和整鸡（19.6%）（P<0.001）,而猪肉（46.5%）和整鸡中（59.8%）沙门氏菌的检出率则显著高于牛肉（13.7%）（P<0.001）;农贸市场采集的鲜肉样品中单 核细胞增生李斯特菌（P=0.008）和沙门氏菌（P＜0.001）的污染率均显著高于超市;血清学试验结果显示122株沙门氏菌分布于21种不同血清型,其中Corvallis血清型（14.75%）流行率最高。结论 上海地区市售生鲜肉中存在较高的单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的污染率,极易引发食源性疾病,建议政府监管部门加强对生鲜肉食品的监管。     

合肥市售鸡蛋壳表面与内容物沙门氏菌污染的 检测及其分离株耐药性分析

目的 了解市售鸡蛋壳表面、内容物中沙门氏菌的污染情况及分离菌株的血清型分布与耐药性。方法 采用沙门氏菌常规检测法并结合PCR技术, 对采自合肥市农贸市场、超市的100枚鸡蛋进行检测; 利用国标法和K-B 纸片法对分离株进行血清型鉴定和抗生素药物敏感试验。结果 蛋壳表面沙门氏菌检出率为10%(10/100), 蛋内容物沙门氏菌检出率为1%(1/100); 11株沙门氏菌分离株血清型均为鸭沙门氏菌; 14种抗生素药物敏感试验中, 对青霉素100%耐受, 链霉素18.2%耐药, 36.4%中等耐药率, 其余抗生素均敏感。 结论 合肥市售鸡蛋壳表面的沙门氏菌检出率高于蛋内容物, 抗生素选择压力导致不同地区沙门氏菌分离株的血清型和耐药性有所不同。     

淮安市2010~2016年肉及肉制品中沙门氏菌污染状况及耐药性分析

目的 了解江苏省淮安市肉及肉制品中沙门氏菌污染及耐药性情况。方法 2010~2016年, 在淮安市选择超市、农贸市场、酒店餐厅、街头食品摊等, 共采集719份肉及肉制品样品, 按照食品安全国家标准方法(GB 4789.4-2010)对沙门氏菌进行鉴定及血清学分型, 耐药性测定使用美国临床和实验室标准协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI)推荐的肉汤稀释法。结果 2010~2016年淮安市肉及肉制品中沙门氏菌总检出率为7.37%(53/719), 其中生肉及肉制品中检出率为9.16%(24/262), 熟肉及肉制品中检出率为6.35% (29/457)。餐饮服务环节、流通环节和生产加工环节沙门氏菌检出率分别为2.22%、7.41%和9.16%。53株沙门氏菌主要血清型为肠炎型和鼠伤寒型, 分别为41.51%(22/53)和22.64%(12/53)。53株沙门氏菌多重耐药率达64.7%, 对红霉素、氨苄西林、萘啶酸耐药性较高。结论 淮安市肉及肉制品中沙门氏菌污染严重, 其中生产加工环节和流通环节沙门氏菌污染率较高, 耐药形势严峻, 相关部门对此应加强监管力度。     

生鲜畜禽肉中沙门氏菌全基因组分析与分子溯源

依据GB 4789.4—2016对从长沙市生鲜市场随机采集的生鲜猪肉、鸡肉进行检验。结果显示:有20份生鲜猪肉样品检出沙门氏菌,检出率为83.3%;有20份生鲜鸡肉样品检出沙门氏菌,检出率为74.1%;总检出率为78.4%。通过对其中40株沙门氏菌进行全基因组测序与分子溯源研究,结果表明:20株猪源性沙门氏菌与20株鸡源性沙门氏菌按分子溯源分析可分为5个明显不同的聚类,清晰反映了沙门氏菌的污染源分布及交叉污染情况,实现了精准溯源;其中发现了15个致病基因,从基因层面阐明了沙门氏菌可能存在的致病基因与致病机制,提示了沙门氏菌潜在的致病风险;试验发现了15个耐药基因,从基因层面阐明了沙门氏菌可能存在的耐药基因与耐药机制。     

生鲜肉中奇异变形杆菌的流行及其耐药性分析

为了解奇异变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis,P. mirabilis)在生鲜畜禽肉中的污染情况和耐药性水平，研究分别采了集5个市场的猪肉、鸡肉和鸭肉样品，对样品中的P. mirabilis进行分离鉴定。采用纸片扩散法对分离的P. mirabilis菌株进行21种抗生素的药敏实验。结果表明：579份鲜肉样品中共检出490株P. mirabilis,3种肉中猪肉、鸡肉与鸭肉P. mirabilis的污染率分别为65.61%、78.95%和67.90%。其中，市场5的鸡肉污染率最高，为82.00%。所有市场P. mirabilis分离株对红霉素的耐药率最高，各市场均高于97.85%，其次依次是甲氧苄氨嘧啶、强力霉素、壮观霉素、四环素、链霉素、复方新诺明和庆大霉素，均为50.00%以上。490株P. mirabilis多重耐药现象严重，多重耐药率为100.00%。对所有8类抗生素均具有泛耐药性的P. mirabilis菌株占14.90%。本研究中5个市场的鲜肉受P. mirabilis污染严重且污染的P. mirabilis菌株具有普遍的多重耐药现象，应对该区P. mirabili...     

南京地区猪肉源中沙门氏菌分子分型及耐药性分析

沙门氏菌是造成我国食源性疾病的常见细菌之一,也是肉类消费过程中密切监测的重点对象。在2018年~2021年期间,共计采集了南京市545份猪肉源食品样本,利用选择性培养法分离得到44株沙门氏菌,采用血清学方法和分子生物学方法（MLST）对其进行分型鉴定,并分析其耐药性。结果表明,市售样本中共计检出44株沙门氏菌,平均检出率为8.07%,其中内脏样本检出率相对最高（检出率为30.49%）;血清型分析表明,检出的菌株中以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhimurium）、罗森氏沙门氏菌（Salmonella rissen）、德尔卑沙门氏菌（Salmonella derby）和伦敦沙门氏菌（Salmonella london）4种血清型沙门氏菌最为常见;基因分型表明,ST19型为猪肉源中优势沙门氏菌株,占比为20.45%;检出的沙门氏菌中,38株菌株对四环素具有明显耐药性,占全部检出菌株的86.36%,而对头孢他啶、头孢噻肟和头孢西丁的耐药不超过10%。此外,对检出的1株多重耐药性沙门氏菌耐药基因分析发现,共筛查出了包括7大类抗生素及与耐药相关的基因。该实验详细分析了南京市场猪肉源食品中沙门氏菌污染状况,也为后期沙门氏菌的综合防治提供了理论依据。     

生猪屠宰环节沙门氏菌携带状况、耐药性及其耐药基因分析

目的 调查河南省生猪屠宰环节沙门氏菌污染情况, 并分析其耐药性及耐药基因。方法 本研究从河南省不同规模的生猪屠宰企业共采集825份样品, 通过常规检测方法和分子生物学技术对样品进行沙门氏菌分离鉴定, 然后通过药敏实验检测沙门氏菌分离株对17种抗菌药的敏感性; 对部分沙门氏菌分离株进行了12种耐药基因检测。结果 样品中共分离出沙门氏菌241株, 总分离率为29.21%; 所有受试沙门氏菌分离株均对阿米卡星敏感, 而对多西环素耐受性最强(耐药率为95.00%), 其次对其他抗菌药都表现出不同程度的耐受性; 上述分离株存在着严重的多重耐药问题, 其中耐3种及以上药物的菌株占比高达98.34%。耐药基因检测结果显示, 受试菌株均含有针对全部5大类受试药物的抗性基因, 但aac(3)-Ⅰa、gurA、tetB 3个耐药基因均未有检出。结论 河南省生猪屠宰企业存在严重的沙门氏菌污染情况, 且菌株存在严重的耐药性。     

北京市售生鲜猪肉和牛肉中有害细菌的鉴定及耐药性分析

采用选择性培养基初步筛选,结合16S rRNA同源性分析的方法,对北京市农贸市场及超市中所销售的生鲜猪、牛肉中含有的有害细菌的分布情况进行考察。对分离得到的细菌针对7种常见抗生素进行耐药表型检测。同时,利用特异性PCR扩增法检测了2个常见红霉素耐药基因和7个常见四环素耐药基因在分离细菌中的分布情况。结果表明:市场中购买的生鲜肉中分离得到的细菌耐药情况较之超市中的更为严重;猪肉和牛肉中分离的细菌耐药情况均十分严重;分离得到的不同细菌中包含某些条件致病菌的Escherichia/Shigella以及Aeromonas属细菌耐药情况更加严重。同时,研究还发现在北京市售鲜肉中分离得到的细菌中,绝大多数细菌对不止1种抗生素表现出非敏感(耐药及中介),且一些菌株携带多种不同的耐药基因。因此,市售生鲜肉中分离得到的细菌耐药情况较为严重以及普遍,应得到监管部门以及普通消费者的足够重视。     

生鲜畜禽肉中沙门氏菌污染情况调查

通过研究生鲜猪肉与生鲜鸡肉中沙门氏菌的污染状况与污染规律,为食品安全监管提供建议,实验室从长沙市生鲜市场随机采集生鲜猪肉99份、生鲜鸡肉76份,依据《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》GB 4789.4-2016进行检验。结果显示,在随机抽检的99份生鲜猪肉中,有83份样品检出沙门氏菌,检出率为83.8%;在随机抽检的76份生鲜鸡肉中,有60份样品检出沙门氏菌,检出率为78.9%。这表明,长沙市生鲜市场上销售的生鲜猪肉与生鲜鸡肉受沙门氏菌污染严重,具有极大的食品安全隐患,应加强消费者食品安全培训,加强生鲜畜禽肉及其制品中致病菌的监管。     

新疆库尔勒市鸡肉源沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及 耐药性分析

目的了解新疆库尔勒市鸡肉沙门氏菌污染状况和沙门氏菌分离株对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法参考食品安全国家标准GB 4789.4-2010,利用生化反应与普通PCR方法结合进行沙门氏菌分离鉴定,采用微量肉汤稀释法进行常见抗菌药物敏感试验。结果 180份鸡肉样品共检出沙门氏菌阳性样品27份,分离鉴定到阳性沙门氏菌28株,污染率为15.00%;10种抗生素药物敏感试验表明:沙门氏菌分离菌株对甲氧苄啶的耐药率高达100%,氯霉素为89.30%、磺胺异噁唑为85.70%,四环素为78.60%、氨苄西林为71.40%、阿莫西林为71.40%、链霉素为64.30%、环丙沙星为53.60%,对诺氟沙星和氟苯尼考的耐药率低于50%,分别为32.10%和25.00%。结论新疆库尔勒市鸡肉中沙门氏菌存在一定程度的污染,耐药状况比较严重。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the