口服酪蛋白复合肽对细胞通讯网络的作用

为了研究酪蛋白复合肽对人体细胞通讯网络的影响,通过青年志愿者服用酪蛋白复合多肽,使用MilliporeHuman Kit 和液体芯片扫描仪检测服用前后血清中32 种细胞因子浓度的变化,结果表明：3 个剂量组共有EGF、GRO、IL-1ra、IL-5、IL-7、IL-17、sCD40L、MIP-1β、TNF-α共9 种细胞因子浓度显著降低。根据9 种显著变化的细胞因子进行信息检索,按照其合成与分泌细胞及其作用的靶细胞数据,构建口服不同剂量酪蛋白复合肽之后机体细胞通讯网络的变化。通过该细胞通讯网络的变化,可以直观地分析服用酪蛋白复合肽前后细胞之间的通讯规律;从细胞通讯网络可以看出酪蛋白复合肽具有下调免疫的作用;其作用的信号途径涉及NF- κB、JNK、JAK/STAT、P38/MAPK、PI-3K/AKT;不同剂量组显著变化的细胞因子不同,细胞通讯规律也不同,说明酪蛋白酶解肽对免疫系统的调节作用具有强剂量相关性。     

γ-亚麻酸对小鼠免疫系统的调节作用

目的：分析γ-亚麻酸3种不同作用途径对小鼠血清中24种细胞因子的影响,进而探索γ-亚麻酸对小鼠免疫系统的调节作用。方法：将γ-亚麻酸以口服灌胃、腹腔注射、耳静脉注射3种方式作用于小鼠,分别在3、2、2h后眼球取血,分离血清。采用液体芯片检测技术测定小鼠血清中24种细胞因子含量的变化。结果：口服灌胃组中,G-CSF、MCP-1、MIP-1α、VEGF、IL-1α、IL-3、IL-10、IL-13,8种细胞因子显著变化;腹腔注射组中有IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10,6种细胞因子显著变化;耳静脉注射组中G-CSF、KC、IP-10、IL-1α、IL-4、IL-12(p40)、IL-17 7种细胞因子显著变化。根据每种作用途径显著变化的细胞因子的产生及作用靶细胞,分别构建γ-亚麻酸作用后机体细胞通讯网络的变化。结论：γ-亚麻酸能通过小鼠胃肠黏膜系统和血液系统传递信号,调节机体的免疫,其作用的信号途径涉及NF-κB、P38/JNK/MAPK、JAK-STAT等途径。γ-亚麻酸不仅具有必需脂肪酸的作用,而且具有显著的免疫调节作用,不仅具有刺激炎症作用,同时还可以发挥抗炎症作用。     

ω-6亚油酸对小鼠免疫系统的调节作用

目的：探索ω-6 亚油酸对小鼠免疫系统的调节作用。方法：将市购的ω-6 亚油酸以口服、腹腔注射、耳静脉注射3 种方式作用于小鼠,分别在3、2、2h 后取血分离血清,用液体芯片检测技术测定小鼠血清中的IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-12(p40)、IFN-γ、G-CSF、MCP-1、VEGF 等24 种细胞因子含量的变化。结 果：灌胃组中显著升高的细胞因子有IL-1α、Eotaxin 和VEGF,显著降低的有IL-6、IL-12(p40)、G-CSF 和KC;腹腔注射组中炎症细胞因子IL-1 和IL-17 显著升高的同时也伴随着IL-4、IL-10 抗炎细胞因子的显著升高以及趋化因子G-CSF 的显著降低;静脉注射组总体表现为促炎作用,IL-2、IL-5、IL-6 浓度显著升高,抗炎细胞因子IL-3、IL-4、IL-9、IL-10、IL-12(p40)、IL-17 浓度显著降低。结论：ω-6 亚油酸能通过小鼠胃肠黏膜系统和血液系统传递信号,调节机体的免疫系统。灌胃组主要激活了PKC/NF- κB 途径以及STAT 的部分途径,抑制NF- κB、JAK-STAT3、PI3K 途径;腹腔注射组激活的信号途径有NF- κB、JNK\p38\MAPK、PI3K 和JAK\STAT6 途径,抑制STAT3 途径;静脉注射组激活的信号途径有NF- κB、MAPK 和JAK\STAT3。抑制的信号途径有PI3K/ATK、ERK/MAPK、STAT1、STAT4、STAT5。     

基于两种细胞的卷烟烟气体外免疫毒性评价

为评价卷烟烟气总粒相物(TPM)的体外免疫毒性,选择小鼠淋巴瘤细胞(EL-4细胞)和小鼠巨噬细胞(Ana-1细胞)两种细胞,采用CCK-8法检测肯塔基3R4F参比卷烟烟气TPM染毒后细胞的存活率,采用Luminex液相芯片技术检测细胞上清液中20种细胞因子(FGF-basic、GM-CSF、IFN-γ、IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、IL-17、KC、IP-10、MCP-1、MIP-1α、VEGF、MIG、TNF-α)的分泌量。结果表明:两种细胞经烟气TPM染毒后,随着染毒剂量的增加,EL-4细胞中GM-CSF、IL-10和VEGF的分泌量均下调;Ana-1细胞中MCP-1、MIP-1α和TNF-α的分泌量均上调;两种细胞中其余17种细胞因子的分泌量无明显变化。不同类型/来源的细胞对烟气的毒性效应有不同的反应,因此采用两种细胞有助于更好地评价卷烟烟气的体外免疫毒性。该方法具有快速、灵敏、高通量等特点,适用于卷烟烟气体外免疫毒性评价。     

奶粉加工对其食用属性的改变及细胞间无线通讯网络的定量化评价

牛乳酪蛋白经过胃蛋白酶控制酶解制备富含改善睡眠和抗疲劳生物活性肽酶解物作为添加剂,按优化的配方制备成改善睡眠和抗疲劳的奶粉,通过健康志愿者食用该功能性配方奶粉和全脂奶粉（作为对照）,检测服用前、后血清中38 种细胞因子质量浓度的变化。结果表明：全脂奶粉可显著刺激TNF-α的表达水平;而功能性配方奶粉则对TNF-α、VEGF、G-CSF、IL-17、IL-1ra和IFN-γ的表达均有显著下调作用。为了定量化评价这些作用,通过国际上权威数据库检索查询这些具有显著性变化的细胞因子的分泌细胞和靶细胞,构建食用该功能性配方奶粉和全脂奶粉后机体细胞间无线通讯网络的变化网络,该网络属于有向加权网络。通过该网络不仅可以直观比较食用功能性配方奶粉和全脂奶粉前后细胞间的无线通讯变化层次和规律,还可以通过引入节点的出强度（S出）、入强度（S入）和总强度（S总）以及整体网络强度（S网络）进行定量化评价。其中食用全脂奶粉组网络有15 个节点和108 条边,并且S网络=34.2,表明全脂奶粉对机体内细胞间无线通讯网络具有明显的促进作用;而食用功能性配方奶粉组的网络共有23 个节点和304 条边,并S网络=－885.7,表明食用功能性奶粉主要发挥下调细胞通讯网络活性、免疫和生理代谢水平的作用,并且这种抑制作用明显比全脂奶粉的促进作用更强。本研究可为食品的体内功能性评价提供一个新的定量化评价方法。     

莲房原花青素对极低频电磁场致免疫功能损伤的预防作用

为了探讨莲房原花青素(LSPCs)对极低频电磁场(ELF-EMF)致小鼠免疫功能损伤的影响,通过半体外法研究LSPCs对脾脏淋巴细胞增殖、NK细胞活性以及血浆和肝脏中细胞因子IL-4和INF-γ的影响,初步确定其免疫调节活性。MTT法检测T、B淋巴细胞增殖、乳酸脱氢酶法检测NK细胞活性、ELASA试剂盒检测IL-4和INF-γ浓度。结果表明:与正常组相比,ELF-EMF辐照后胸腺和脾脏指数显著降低(p0.05,p0.01),脾脏T、B淋巴细胞增殖率和NK细胞活性显著降低(p0.01)、IL-4和INF-γ浓度明显降低;而经LSPCs预处理后,与ELF-EMF组相比上述指标均有所改善,其中90 mg/kg LSPCs组,显著提高了胸腺和脾脏指数(p0.05,p0.01),能显著地刺激了T、B淋巴细胞的增殖、提高了NK细胞活性(p0.01),并且促进了血浆和肝脏分泌IL-4和INF-γ。由此显示LSPCs可以有效地预防ELF-EMF致小鼠免疫功能损伤,调节免疫活性。     

杨树菇凝集素诱导C57BL/6小鼠肝损伤和活化CD8+T细胞

该研究探究了食用蘑菇杨树菇凝集素AAL(Agrocybe aegerita lectin)对小鼠肝损伤的作用机制。通过小鼠尾静脉注射AAL的方式,根据不同的处理时间分0 h、6 h和9 h三个实验组,分别检测其血清AST(天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶)和ALT(丙氨酸氨基转移酶),对肝脏组织切片进行HE染色,RT-PCR检测肝脏细胞因子表达,流式细胞术对肝脏细胞进行分析。与0h组相比,对小鼠尾静脉注射AAL 6 h和9 h后,小鼠血清ALT和AST显著升高(p0.001);肝组织切片HE染色发现小鼠肝脏呈现明显的肝损伤,可见坏死区和免疫细胞浸润。注射AAL6h后肝脏细胞因子IL-10、IL-33、IL-27、IFN-γ和TNF-α的m RNA表达分别升高到25.14倍、4.62倍、5.14倍、16.51倍和28.10倍。6 h组小鼠肝脏中的T细胞、NKT细胞、CD8+T细胞比例分别由27.92%显著升高到45.95%(p0.05)、2.46%显著升高到6.36%(p0.05)、17%显著升高到27.15%(p0.05)。活化的CD69+T细胞和CD69+CD8+T细胞的比例分别由10.02%显著升高到18.28%(p0.01)和5.96%显著升高到16.20%(p0.01)。结果表明食用菌杨树菇AAL可诱导小鼠肝损伤,活化肝脏CD8+T细胞,显著上调细胞因子IL-10、IL-33、IL-27、IFN-γ和TNF-α的表达,提示食用菌凝集素成分是需要考虑安全使用剂量的。     

蜂胶乙醇提取物对小鼠主动脉内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:探究蜂胶乙醇提取物（ethanol extracts of propolis,EEP）对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导的小鼠主动脉内皮细胞（mouse aortic endothelial cell,MAEC）炎症因子损伤的保护作用。方法:将细胞分为对照组,LPS模型组,蜂胶低（2.5 μg/mL）、中（5 μg/mL）、高（10 μg/mL）剂量组。采用CCK-8检测MAEC的细胞增殖率,ELISA酶联免疫吸附实验测定MAEC炎症细胞中TNF-α、IL-6的含量,Western Blot法测定MAEC炎症细胞中ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1的表达水平。结果:与对照组相比,LPS组MAEC的细胞增殖率极其显著降低（P<0.001）,ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、TNF-α以及IL-6的水平极其显著升高（P<0.001）。经不同浓度EEP处理后,MAEC的细胞增殖率显著上升（P<0.05或P<0.01）,TNF-α、IL-6的含量以及ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1表达水平降低,各蜂胶组与LPS组相比均有显著性差异（P<0.01或P<0.001）。结论:EEP能够抑制LPS诱导的MAEC中炎症因子的表达,对血管内皮细胞具有保护作用。     

刺五加黑木耳酸性多糖化学组成及免疫活性研究

利用离子交换色谱与凝胶色谱纯化获得刺五加黑木耳酸性多糖(EAP),使用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等方法分析其组成结构;通过噻唑蓝(MTT)实验、Griess法及酶联免疫吸附法测定一氧化氮(NO)释放量和IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α等细胞因子含量,评价EAP对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫调节作用。结果表明:EAP是一种分子量为925.9 k Da的β型酸性杂多糖,主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、木糖、葡萄糖及半乳糖以摩尔比例64.8∶14.7∶14.2∶3.2∶2.0组成。EAP在50~250μg/m L浓度下对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7未产生明显毒性,且可极显著提高巨噬细胞的活性(p0.01);在EAP处理浓度为50μg/m L时,巨噬细胞的NO释放量和细胞因子IL-10分泌量极显著提高(p0.01),分别为17.2μmol/L和171.5 pg/m L;当浓度200μg/m L时,EAP可极显著提高TNF-α和IL-6的分泌量(p0.01)。结论:刺五加黑木耳酸性多糖具有增强免疫活性的潜力。     

螺旋藻蛋白酶解肽对腹腔粘膜系统的作用

目的：探索螺旋藻(Spirulina)碱性蛋白酶酶解肽对家兔腹腔黏膜系统的作用。方法：采用盐析法从螺旋藻中提取可溶性螺旋藻蛋白,以碱性蛋白酶水解得到螺旋藻蛋白水解物溶液。将所得水解物以3 种方式(口服、腹腔注射、耳静脉注射)对家兔给药,分别在给药3、2、2h 后,用ELISA 试剂盒测定血清中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1Ra、IL-4、IL-10、TGF- β细胞因子的质量浓度。结果：3 个实验组与正常生理盐水组相比,IL-12 质量浓度均下降,IFN-γ、IL-10 质量浓度均升高;在3 种给药方式中,腹腔注射效果最显著,其他两组细胞因子水平均没有显著性变化。腹腔注射组中炎症细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12、TNF-α的质量浓度均显著性降低,抗炎细胞因子IL-1Ra 和IL-4 显著性升高,说明该螺旋藻碱性蛋白酶酶解肽对降低免疫活性起到了一定作用。结论：肠黏膜系统对螺旋藻蛋白酶解肽信号传递主要是通过肠道上皮细胞、内皮细胞及单核/ 巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞之间的信号网络抑制NF- κB 和PKC/p38/MAPK 途径来降低免疫的。这与植物非营养物质能够通过抑制转录因子NF- κB 活性抑制炎症信号级联的作用机制相一致,说明短肽类成分也可以进入体内对机体的慢性疾病甚至癌症起到一定的治疗作用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the