高出光率GaN基光子晶体LED的研究进展

在LED上制作光子晶体结构将会提高LED的出光效率,这使得LED应用范围更广.主要从不同的光子晶体加工工艺出发,总结近年来GaN基光子晶体LED的研究进展,介绍新的工艺和实验结果.通过比较发现,利用光子晶体的光子禁带效应和光栅衍射原理,都能够提高LED的出光效率,但需要和光子晶体的结构参数以及相应的加工工艺相结合,使出光效率和光场能流密度有大幅度的提高,从而实现LED出光效率的提高,使LED取代白炽灯等光源应用于生活照明成为可能.     

利用光子晶体提高InP基LED出光效率

应用FDTD方法计算了二维无限大光子晶体的能带结构,并制备出了InP基二维平板结构的光子晶体器件.在制备过程中尝试了仅用PMMA做掩模以及PMMA和SiO2做掩模两种方法.结果表明,不使用SiO2做掩模的情况下,由于PMMA胶选择性较差,在刻蚀过程中难以保证图形的准确转移.而增加SiO2掩模后,获得了图形质量良好的光子晶体结构.成功实现了利用光子晶体结构增强LED的出光效率,与未制作光子晶体结构的LED相比,光子晶体结构LED的出光效率可在原来基础上提高1倍以上.并且随着晶格常数的增加,出光效率进一步提高.     

利用光子晶体提高InP基LED出光效率

应用FDTD方法计算了二维无限大光子晶体的能带结构,并制备出了InP基二维平板结构的光子晶体器件.在制备过程中尝试了仅用PMMA做掩模以及PMMA和SiO2做掩模两种方法.结果表明,不使用SiO2做掩模的情况下,由于PMMA胶选择性较差,在刻蚀过程中难以保证图形的准确转移.而增加SiO2掩模后,获得了图形质量良好的光子晶体结构.成功实现了利用光子晶体结构增强LED的出光效率,与未制作光子晶体结构的LED相比,光子晶体结构LED的出光效率可在原来基础上提高1倍以上.并且随着晶格常数的增加,出光效率进一步提高.     

二维光子晶体LED专利技术分析

LED是一种能够将电能转化为可见光的固态的半导体器件,目前LED已在科研和生产领域取得了广泛的应用。光子晶体是由周期性排列的不同折射率的介质制造的规则光学结构,其中二维光子晶体能使更多方向上的平面光衍射出LED表面,因此目前主要用二维光子晶体来提高LED的出光效率。本文总结了与二维光子晶体LED相关的国内和国外专利的申请趋势、主要申请人分布以及重点技术的发展路线进行了梳理。     

利用常规工艺提高光子晶体GaN LED的出光效率

计算了GaN二维光子晶体的能带结构,并利用常规工艺在国内首次制备出了GaN基二维平板结构的光子晶体蓝光LED。经过器件测试表明,与没有制作光子晶体的器件相比,光子晶体使器件的有效出光效率达到了原来的1.5倍以上。另外,还对感应耦合等离子体刻蚀(ICP)的制备光子晶体LED的刻蚀工艺进行了分析。     

光子晶体提高GaN基LED发光效率实验与工艺研究

采用聚焦离子束制备了500nm和1.5μm周期两种结构,使GaN基LED光效显著提高。比较长、短周期光子晶体提高光效的程度、制备工艺、设备及其相应的成本,宜采用长周期光子晶体结构来提高蓝光GaN基LED的发光效率。采用聚焦离子束和激光干涉两种方法,在GaN基LED导电层(ITO)上制备了长周期光子晶体,利用光纤光谱仪、显微镜和功率计对光提取效率进行了实验测试,结果表明长周期光子晶体LED比无光子晶体LED的光提取效率提高了90%以上。还采用激光干涉直写方法,以扫描的方式在较大面积上制备了光子晶体LED,确认了该方法及工艺批量化、低成本制备光子晶体的可行性。聚焦离子束方法虽然能够产生较精确的光子晶体图形,但由于耗时长、效率低、成本高等问题,仅适于在实验研究中选择和优化光子晶体的结构和参数。     

GaN基光子晶体发光二极管的优化设计

构建了基于空气孔型Ga N平板光子晶体(PC)的层状发光二极管(LED)模型。基于平面波展开方法,得到了空气孔型平板光子晶体的能带结构,分析了空气孔半径对禁带宽度的影响,得出最大禁带宽度约为21.5%。设置电偶极子位于Ga N介质层的中心,并在x-y平面内极化,辐射源采用高斯形脉冲,波长取为450 nm,采用三维的时域有限差分法计算LED的出光效率,讨论了平板光子晶体的厚度和空气孔的半径对层状LED的相对出光效率的影响,结果表明:存在最优结构参数值获得最高的相对出光效率,其值约为2。     

LED光取出技术研究进展

大功率白光LED目前存在着光取出效率不高的问题。介绍了提高白光LED光取出效率的主要方法与途径,包括光子晶体,表面粗化,倒装芯片,二次光学设计以及荧光粉远离。这些技术不同程度提高了LED的光取出效率,是解决其发光效率不高的有效途径。     

光子晶体GaN LED与量子点的共振能量转移

正设计并研制了光子晶体结构GaN LED,实现了光子晶体GaN LED提取效率的提高及其到胶体量子点的共振能量转移,能量转移效率达到79.50%。设计了光子晶体GaN LED器件结构,利用光刻、感应耦合等离子体刻蚀等工艺研制了光子晶体GaN LED器件,制作的光子晶体区域边缘光滑,满足实验的要求。采用积分球收集LED发光来测试LED的P-I-V曲线,测试了在p-GaN上刻蚀光子晶体的LED在不同电流下输出功率与晶格常数、占空比的关系。研究发现:50 mA驱动电流下,晶格常数为14μm、半径与晶格常数比为0.25的光子晶体GaN LED输出功率比无光子晶体GaN LED提高21%以上。该研究对实现高效率胶体量子点电注入发光器件具有借鉴价值。     

蓝色LED发光效率提高50%

松下电器产业日前开发成功了发光效率达原来1.5倍的GaN蓝色发光二极管(LED)芯片。该产品是通过在蓝色LED芯片表面大量设置直径约1μm、高约0.5μm的圆柱状凹凸而实现的。芯片内部产生的蓝色光,可将30%左右的光线照射到芯片外部。今后通过改进蓝色LED芯片,预计将能够照射出60%左右的光。此次开发的蓝色LED芯片,利用光子晶体的特性,提高了发光效率。光子晶体是指其内部具有周期性折射率分布的晶体,配置2种折射率差异较大的介质。照射到光子晶体中的光线会因其周期性折射率分布而使光线发生衍射。由于这种效应,从芯片内部照射到芯片外部…     

Extraction efficiency enhancement of LEDs using 2-D photonic crystal

Using photonic crystals (PCs), the extraction efficiency of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be greatly enhanced by the effects of photonic band gap (PBG) and grating diffraction. The two theoretical methods are also discussed. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that LEDs can achieve high extraction efficiency by employing photonic crystal as diffraction grating. PCs with square lattice of cylindrical unit cells are fabricated in GaN layer of GaN-based blue LED. We present a theoretical discussion on the extraction efficiency of PC-LED, which relies on the effective medium theory and transmission matrix method to investigate the effect of lattice constant. The results show that the extraction efficiency of the high performance LEDs can achieve 61.8% when the lattice constant is 270 nm.     

Analysis and Simulation of Light Extraction of Light-Emitting Diodes:Simulation Efficiency

Two foundational factors (escape cone and transmissivity) about light extraction of light emitting diodes (LEDs) are discussed.According to these factors,a new process to simulate the light extraction of LEDs based on the Monte Carlo method has been provided.The improved method is to deal with the reflection and refraction of light (beam of light) at the interface between two mediums approximately.In addition,light extraction of traditional LEDs is simulated by different processes with the same structure and parameters.The results show that the reflection and refraction of light processed approximately are accurate enough for analyzing LEDs structure.This method saves much time and improves efficiency in the simulation of light extraction of LEDs.     

Analysis and Simulation of Light Extraction of Light-Emitting Diodes: Simulation Efficiency

Two foundational factors (escape cone and transmissivity) about light extraction of light emitting diodes (LEDs) are discussed. According to these factors, a new process to simulate the light extraction of LEDs based on the Monte Carlo method has been provided. The improved method is to deal with the reflection and refraction of light (beam of light) at the interface between two mediums approximately. In addition, light extraction of traditional LEDs is simulated by different processes with the same structure and parameters. The results show that the reflection and refraction of light processed approximately are accurate enough for analyzing LEDs structure. This method saves much time and improves efficiency in the simulation of light extraction of LEDs.     

垂直结构GaN基LED的侧壁优化技术

为了提升垂直结构LED提取效率,针对器件侧壁出光的研究越发引起研究人员的关注。由于GaN的高折射率,大部分有源区发出的光线将被限制在GaN层内横向传输。对不同刻蚀倾角侧面的光提取效率进行分析模拟,模拟结果显示,LED的提取效率可以通过侧壁倾斜角度的优化得以提升。实验结果表明,特定侧壁倾角器件的提取效率相比较垂直侧壁提高了18.75%,电致发光光谱测试(EL)结果表明,实验结论与理论计算值基本吻合。本结论对垂直结构GaN基LED器件的优化设计与性能提升有重要指导意义。     

AlGaInP系LED的表面纳米级粗化以及光提取效率提高

分析了常规AlGaInP系发光二极管（LED）光提取效率低的主要原因,半导体的折射率与空气折射率相差很大,导致全反射使有源区产生的光子绝大部分不能通过出光面发射到体外。通过在LED出光层采用纳米压印技术引入表面纳米结构,以改变光子的传播路径,从而使得更多的光子能够发射到体外。理论分析与实验结果表明,与常规平面结构相比,...     

Light Output Improvement of InGaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes by Microchannel Structure

We propose a microchannel structure with deep holes to enhance the extraction efficiency of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Two different depth microchannel LEDs are examined experimentally. One has air holes penetrated through the active layer and the other does not. It is found that the light extraction efficiency in the LED with the penetrated air holes is significant h larger than that in the LED without penetrating holes. The reason can be attributed to the microchannel waveguide behaviors. In comparison to the conventional LEDs, the light output power of our fabricated LEDs with and without penetrating holes improved by 43.5% and 5.1%, respectively.     

Enhanced Light Extraction in GaInN Light-Emitting Diode With Pyramid Reflector

GaInN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that employ a reflector consisting of an array of three-dimensional (3-D) SiO₂ pyramids and a Ag layer are demonstrated to have enhanced light extraction compared with GaInN LEDs with planar Ag reflector. Ray tracing simulations reveal that the pyramid reflector provides 14.1% enhancement in extraction efficiency. Consistent with the simulation, it is experimentally demonstrated that GaInN LEDs with the pyramid reflector show 13.9% higher light output than LEDs with a planar Ag reflector. The enhancement is attributed to the appearance of an additional escape cone for light extraction enabled by the 3-D pyramid reflector     

Improvement in light-output efficiency of AlGaInP LEDs fabricated on stripe patterned epitaxy

Quaternary AlGaInP light-emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at a wavelength of 630 nm with a stripe-patterned omni-directional reflector (ODR) were fabricated. It is demonstrated that the geometrical shape of stripe-patterned structure improves the light extraction efficiency by increasing the extraction of guided light. The optical and electrical characteristics of stripe-patterned ODR LEDs are presented and compared to typical ODR and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) LEDs with the same epitaxial structure and emitting wavelength. It is shown that the output power of the stripe-patterned ODR LED exceeds that of the typical ODR and DBR LEDs by a factor of 1.15 and 2 times, respectively, and with an acceptable forward voltage of about 2.2 V.     

Enhancing extraction efficiency from GaN-based LED by using an omni-directional reflector and photonic crystal

To enhance the light extraction efficiency of traditional light-emitting diodes（LEDs） by reducing the total internal reflection,an omni-directional reflector（ODR） and photonic crystal are adopted in the paper.The structures of photonic crystal and the ODR are designed by diffraction theory and finite difference time domain（FDTD） method.The photonic crystal is employed in the p-GaN layer and the ODR composed of TiO2/SiO2 is designed between the active region and substrate.The simulation results indicate that the light extraction of LEDs can be enhanced by 11.6 times,and the external quantum efficiency of LEDs will be effectively improved.     

Status and Future of High-Power Light-Emitting Diodes for Solid-State Lighting

Status and future outlook of III-V compound semiconductor visible-spectrum light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are presented. Light extraction techniques are reviewed and extraction efficiencies are quantified in the 60%+ (AlGaInP) and ~80% (InGaN) regimes for state-of-the-art devices. The phosphor-based white LED concept is reviewed and recent performance discussed, showing that high-power white LEDs now approach the 100-lm/W regime. Devices employing multiple phosphors for "warm" white color temperatures (~3000-4000 K) and high color rendering (CRI>80), which provide properties critical for many illumination applications, are discussed. Recent developments in chip design, packaging, and high current performance lead to very high luminance devices (~50 Mcd/m² white at 1 A forward current in 1times1 mm² chip) that are suitable for application to automotive forward lighting. A prognosis for future LED performance levels is considered given further improvements in internal quantum efficiency, which to date lag achievements in light extraction efficiency for InGaN LEDs