对苯二甲酸精制钯炭催化剂内扩散及有效因子的研究

在高压间歇反应釜研究了对苯二甲酸中杂质对羧基苯甲醛（4-CBA）在不同粒径的钯炭催化剂上进行加氢反应的特性。结果表明,催化剂粒径对4-CBA的加氢反应影响较大,催化剂的粒径减小,有效因子增大,反应速率增大,反应为内扩散控制。在反应温度150 ℃和240 ℃条件下,测定了钯炭催化剂内扩散有效因子,估算4-CBA在钯炭催化剂内的有效扩散系数Deff和催化剂的曲折因子,并提出了钯炭催化剂开发的改进方向。     

Pd/C催化剂对生物质基丁酮催化加氢制取仲丁醇

研究了生物质基丁酮经Pd/C催化加氢制备仲丁醇的工艺条件,考察了反应时间、反应温度、氢压和催化剂用量对仲丁醇收率的影响。结果表明,Pd/C可催化丁酮进行加氢反应,主要产物为仲丁醇。在一定温度条件下,仲丁醇收率随温度的升高而增大,但超过一定范围,继续增加反应温度,收率反而下降。加氢压力1 MPa,反应8 h后,90 ℃、120 ℃和150 ℃条件下仲丁醇收率分别为53.1%、52.8%和45.5%;增大氢压,仲丁醇收率反而明显降低。增加催化剂用量,反应速率加快,反应时间缩短,但对最终仲丁醇收率的影响不大。     

对硝基苯酚催化加氢制备对氨基苯酚的工艺研究

以Pd/C作为催化剂,对对硝基苯酚催化加氢制备对氨基苯酚进行了研究,考察了溶剂的种类、催化剂Pd的含量、反应温度、反应压力、反应时间等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,反应的最适宜条件为:对硝基苯酚40 g,无水乙醇240 mL,反应压力为0.55 MPa,反应温度为95℃,3%Pd/C催化剂1.5 g,反应时间5 h,对氨基苯酚产率在87%左右,质量分数大于99%。     

3,5-二羟基苯甲酸转移加氢制备-3,5-二氧代环己烷羧酸

以3,5 二羟基苯甲酸为原料,采用Pd/C〔w(Pd)=5%〕催化剂,通过转移加氢法合成了3,5 二氧代环己烷羧酸。考察了适宜的催化剂制备及反应条件:浸渍制备的PdCl2/C经氢气还原,以甲酸钠为氢供体,水作溶剂,在90℃下反应2h,经HPLC分析得3,5 二氧代环己烷羧酸的收率为95%。得到的3,5 二氧代环己烷羧酸粗产物经柱层析分离得到纯品,并以1HNMR和元素分析法进行确证。催化剂经过XRD表征,确认了活性组分是原子态的Pd。并对催化剂失活原因做了初步分析。     

Hydrogenation of α-alkyl benzoic alcohol into corresponding alkyl benzene catalyzed by Pd/C

研究了在H₂-HAc-HClO₄体系中,Pd/C催化氢化α-烷基取代苯甲醇到相应的支链烷基苯的反应.讨论了反应温度、氢气压力、Pd/C催化剂用量对反应的影响,以及高氯酸作为助催化剂在此反应中起的重要作用.高氯酸作为助催化剂时,最佳的反应条件是：质量分数为5%～10%的Pd/C催化剂,室温15～30 ℃,氢气压力400～800 kPa.XPS能谱分析表明,在高氯酸存在下Pd的表面生成了PdO_xCl_y原子簇化合物,形成高活性的活性中心,对催化氢化起到了促进作用.     

4-甲基-4’-硝基二苯醚的加氢研究

在０．８ＭＰａ、５５℃、无水乙醇为介质及Ｐｄ／Ｃ为催化剂的条件下,对４－甲基－４’－硝基二苯醚的加氢反应进行了研究,经实验确定最佳的反应条件为：装料系数为１／３,硝基物（ｇ）与溶剂（ｍｌ）的配比为１／３,产品的产率９２％以上,经气相色谱分析产品纯度达到９９％以上。     

Liquid‐Phase Catalytic Hydrogenation of p‐Chlorobenzophenone to p‐Chlorobenzhydrol over a 5 % Pd/C Catalyst

The kinetics of the liquid‐phase catalytic hydrogenation of p‐chlorobenzophenone have been investigated over a 5 % Pd/C catalyst. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure (800–2200 kPa), catalyst loading (0.4–1.6 gm dm^–3), p‐chlorobenzophenone concentration (0.37–1.5 mol dm^–3), and temperature (303–313 K) were studied. A stirring speed > 20 rps has no effect on the initial rate of reaction. Effects of various catalysts (Pd/C, Pd/BaSO₄, Pd/CaCO₃, Pt/C, Raney nickel) and solvents (2‐propanol, methanol, dimethylformamide, toluene, xylene, hexane) on the hydrogenation of p‐chlorobenzophenone were also investigated. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to hydrogen partial pressure and catalyst loading, and zero order with respect to p‐chlorobenzophenone concentration. Several Langmuir‐Hinshelwood type models were considered and the experimental data fitted to a model involving reaction between adsorbed p‐chlorobenzophenone and hydrogen in the liquid phase.     

Pd/C催化剂催化邻硝基苯胺加氢制备邻苯二胺

卤代芳胺是重要的有机中间体,广泛应用于合成染料、农药、医药、香料及橡胶助剂等。卤代芳香硝基化合物通过液相催化加氢制备卤代芳胺的技术以其环境友好、产品质量稳定和工艺先进而受到重视。用负载型贵金属催化剂催化芳香硝基化合物选择加氢制备相应的芳胺有广泛的应用价值。采用邻硝基苯胺为原料,Pd/C为催化剂,低压催化加氢还原合成邻苯二胺,考察不同溶剂、反应压力、反应温度和反应时间对产物收率的影响。结果表明,在甲醇为溶剂、反应温度100 ℃、反应压力0.8 MPa和反应时间100 min条件下,邻苯二胺平均收率为97%。与传统硫化碱还原或铁粉化学法还原工艺相比,以甲醇为溶剂,Pd/C催化剂催化加氢法在减少废水和降低成本等方面有较大优势。     

4,4′,4″-三氨基三苯胺的合成

本文从对氯硝基苯和对硝基苯胺出发,经过两步反应合成了三偶氮类光导材料的重要中间体4,4′,4″-三氨基三 苯胺,其中第一反应采用KF/季铵盐催化法,收率48.4％,第二步反应采用钯碳催化加氢法,收率91.4％。     

Pd-Fe/TiO_2催化加氢合成2-氯-3-氨基吡啶的研究

2-氯-3-氨基吡啶是一种重要的医药和农药中间体。用Pd-Fe/TiO2催化2-氯-3-硝基吡啶常压下选择性加氢合成了2-氯-3-氨基吡啶,考察了Pd和Fe质量分数、催化剂用量、溶剂及其用量、反应温度和反应时间等对加氢反应的影响。结果表明,Pd-Fe/TiO2对2-氯-3-硝基吡啶的加氢反应有很高的催化活性和选择性,在2-氯-3-硝基吡啶0.05 mol,催化剂0.15 g,无水乙醇40 mL,氢气压力0.1 MPa,50℃反应2 h的条件下,2-氯-3-氨基吡啶的收率98.3%,选择性达到99.5%,无脱卤现象。催化剂经重复使用10次,催化活性和选择性仍无明显下降。     

对羧基苯甲醛在Pd/AC催化剂上加氢反应表观动力学

在实验室间歇高压釜中对Pd/AC催化剂上对苯二甲酸(TA)加氢精制过程的对羧基苯甲醛(4-CBA)加氢反应进行了研究。考察了氢分压、反应温度、催化剂颗粒大小对4-CBA消失速率的影响,并采用幂函数动力学模型拟合得到了接近工业反应温度范围的表观动力学方程。结果表明,氢分压0.35~1.0 MPa时,对4-CBA加氢反应的速率影响很小,反应速率对氢分压可视为零级,随着温度升高和催化剂颗粒减小,4-CBA加氢反应速率显著增加;工业条件下的TA加氢精制过程存在着严重的内外扩散,4-CBA加氢反应的表观活化能为28 kJ/mol,对4-CBA的反应级数为1.23。     

Three‐Phase Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation over Supported Glass Fiber Catalysts: Reaction Kinetics Study

The catalytic properties of Pd and Pt supported on woven glass fibers (GF) were investigated in the three‐phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB). Over all catalysts, a 100 % yield of aniline was attained. The catalytic activity for the best catalysts was two times higher than the activity of commercial Pt/C catalyst traditionally used for liquid–phase hydrogenation. The intrinsic reaction kinetics were studied and a reaction scheme is suggested. The direct formation of aniline from NB was observed over Pd/GF with traces of intermediates. Four intermediate products were detected during aniline formation over Pt/GF: nitrosobenzene, phenylhydroxylamine, azoxybenzene, and azobenzene. The Eley‐Rideal kinetic model fits the experimental data well. The parameters of the model were determined as a function of initial NB concentration and hydrogen pressure. Pt and Pd supported on GF in woven fabrics are suggested as suitable materials for reactors with a structured catalytic bed in multi‐phase reactor performance.     

α-烷基苯甲醇的催化氢化

研究了在H₂-HAc-HClO₄体系中,Pd/C催化氢化α-烷基取代苯甲醇到相应的支链烷基苯的反应.讨论了反应温度、氢气压力、Pd/C催化剂用量对反应的影响,以及高氯酸作为助催化剂在此反应中起的重要作用.高氯酸作为助催化剂时,最佳的反应条件是：质量分数为5%～10%的Pd/C催化剂,室温15～30 ℃,氢气压力400～800 kPa.XPS能谱分析表明,在高氯酸存在下Pd的表面生成了PdO_xCl_y原子簇化合物,形成高活性的活性中心,对催化氢化起到了促进作用.     

4-氨基苯基-β-羟乙基砜的催化加氢工艺

对4-氨基苯基-β-羟乙基砜的催化加氢工艺及催化剂进行研究,结果表明,催化加氢反应工艺最优条件为:以乙醇为溶剂,3%Pd/C催化剂用量为原料质量的0.3%,反应温度90℃,反应压力1.80 MPa,搅拌速率900 r·min-1。催化剂中添加碱土金属Ba能有效提高催化剂选择性,反应时间3.5 h的原料转化率为99.97%,目标产物收率达98.71%,副产物质量分数1.23%,性能优于国外对比样。     

Mechanisms of hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation

To study the problems inherent in deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS), the separate and simultaneous HDS of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of pyridine were investigated over a Ni-MoS₂/γ-Al₂O₃ and a Pd/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. The HDS of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene and its three intermediates, 4,6-dimethyl-tetrahydro-dibenzothiophene, 4,6-dimethyl-hexahydro-dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyl-dodecahydro-dibenzothiophene, demonstrated that, over the Pd catalyst, the (de)hydrogenation reactions were relatively fast compared to the C–S bond breaking reactions, whereas the reverse was true over the metal sulfide catalyst. The methyl groups of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene strongly hinder the direct desulfurization HDS pathway over both catalysts. On the Pd catalyst the hydrogenation pathway is strongly promoted by the methyl groups, so that the total HDS rate does not decrease. Pyridine and piperidine were strong poisons for the hydrogenation pathway and H₂S was a strong poison for the direct desulfurization pathway.HDN of nitrogen-containing aromatic molecules occurs by hydrogenation of the aromatic heterocycle followed by C–N bond breaking. The C–N bond breaks by substitution of the alkylamine by H₂S to form an alkanethiol, followed by the loss of H₂S by elimination or hydrogenolysis. The NH₂-SH substitution does not occur by a classic organic substitution reaction but through a multi-step reaction pathway via an alkylimine. DFT calculations showed that the hydrogenolysis of ethanethiol to ethane and the elimination of ethane are relatively easy reactions.     

对氨基苯甲醇的超声辐射合成研究

采用对硝基甲苯为原料,经卤代、超声辐射相转移催化水解及超声辐射Pt/C催化转移加氢等3步反应,以67.4%的总收率合成了标题化合物。结果表明:N-溴代丁二酰亚胺为较好的卤代试剂,生成对硝基苄溴的收率为75.4%;以四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,在碱性条件下于70℃时超声辐射0.5 h,对硝基苯甲醇的收率为94.8%;考察了超声辐射Pd/C催化甲酸铵还原对硝基苯甲醇的影响因素,优化了反应工艺:在n(对硝基苯甲醇)∶n(甲酸铵)为1∶4,m(对硝基苯甲醇)∶m(Pd/C)为100∶5,超声功率为150 W,超声温度为50℃,反应时间为15 min的条件下,对氨基苯甲醇的收率为94.3%,Pd/C容易分离回收,可重复使用6次以上。用IR、1HNRM、MS谱及元素分析等测试技术表征了产物的结构。     

松香低压催化加氢反应的研究

采用 FYX-2 G型高压搅拌釜 ,在温度 1 60°C、压力 1 .0 MPa条件下 ,测定了松香催化加氢转化率与 Pd/ C催化剂含水量的关系 ,可见加氢反应速度随催化剂含水量的减少而增加。考察了搅拌器类型、搅拌转速对高压釜持气量及枞酸转化率的影响 ,认识到松香催化加氢是外扩散控制的反应 ,当搅拌转速达 60 0 r/ min时 ,基本上能消除外扩散的影响。比较了 Raney-镍与 Pd/ C催化剂对松香催化加氢的活性 ,实验表明在低氢压 1 .0 MPa下 ,只有 Pd/ C催化剂才能制备出合格的氢化松香产品     

Electrocatalysis over Pd catalysts: A very efficient alternative to catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexanone

Electrocatalytic reaction was examined as an alternative method for the catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexanone over Pd catalysts. The behavior of Pd/alumina catalyst and finely divided Pd catalyst in the electrocatalytic and catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexanone in aqueous solution were investigated as a comparative study. The role of the pH of the solution was studied both in electrocatalytic and catalytic hydrogenation over Pd/alumina catalyst using acetic acid as a supporting electrolyte. High current yields were obtained for the electrocatalytic process, whereas, as expected from the literature, the catalytic hydrogenation was inefficient.     

选择性催化加氢合成3,4-二氯苯胺的Pd/C催化剂研究

研究了Pd/C催化剂表面金属钯平均粒径对3,4-二氯硝基苯催化加氢反应选择性的影响，发现金属钯平均粒径越大，脱氯副反应越不明显，加氢选择性越高。采用浓硝酸预处理的活性炭负载钯催化剂虽然能够增大表面金属钯平均粒径，粒径分布却较宽，不利于加氢选择性的提高。使用饱和EDTA·2Na溶液预处理活性炭后，在钯负载量降低的情况下，可以达到活性炭载体表面金属钯大粒径、狭窄的分布，实现了在不添加脱氯抑制剂的情况下高选择性合成3,4-二氯苯胺。     

(S)-3-氨基奎宁二盐酸盐的合成

以奎宁酮盐酸盐为原料，与(R)-苯乙胺进行胺化反应，经NaBH4还原，再经10％Pd／C氢解脱苄得到产物(S)-3-氨基奎宁二盐酸盐，总收率达到35％。氢解过程采用10％Pd／C代替昂贵的Pearl’s mall催化剂进行催化，达到了较好效果。