不同结构的Gemini乳化剂对纳米苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物乳液性能的影响

采用自制的一系列含有不同联接基团的季铵盐型阳离子Gemini表面活性剂为乳化剂,制备了阳离子型纳米苯乙烯(St)-丙烯酸丁酯(BA)共聚物乳液,考察了3种Gemini表面活性剂及其用量对乳液形态结构及性能的影响,并提出了乳胶粒子的形成机理。结果表明,3种中间联接基团不同的Gemini表面活性剂(12-3-12、12-4-12、12-6-12)的临界胶束浓度(CMC)均比相应的单链表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵低2个数量级,而这3种Gemini表面活性剂的CMC值相近;以3种Gemini表面活性剂作为乳化剂制备St-BA乳液具有很好的聚合稳定性,单体转化率高,乳液的总固物质量分数接近30%,乳胶粒子为球形,其粒径为50~66 nm,分布较窄;随着乳化剂12-3-12用量的增加,乳胶粒子粒径变化不大,分布较窄,凝胶量逐渐减小;当乳化剂用量为1.2 g时,乳液固含量和单体转化率最小,当乳化剂用量超过1.8 g时,乳液固含量和单体转化率变化不大;随着乳化剂12-4-12用量的增加,乳胶粒子粒径变化也不大,乳化剂对其他性能的影响规律与乳化剂12-3-12相同;随着乳化剂12-6-12用量的增加,乳液的凝胶量减小,固含量与单体转化率增加;含Gemini乳化剂的乳胶粒子是通过胶束成核形成的。     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸乙酯乳液共聚动力学研究

为了合成适于药物包衣用的甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸乙酯(MMA-EA)共聚物胶乳,对以非离子型乳化剂OP-10为乳化剂、过硫酸钾为引发剂的MMA-EA乳液共聚动力学进行了研究。发现初期共聚速率随着乳化剂浓度、引发剂浓度和聚合温度的增加而增大,这是由于共聚物乳胶粒子平均粒径随着乳化剂、引发剂浓度和聚合温度的增加而减小,乳胶粒子数目增加所致。通过调节乳化剂、引发剂以及反应温度可以达到合适的聚合反应速率,最终合成出转化率大于95%的MMA-EA共聚乳液。     

醋酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚乳液的制备研究

采用半连续乳液聚合的方法,以醋酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸丁酯为单体,十二烷基磺酸钠和吐温-80为乳化剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,制备了醋酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚乳液,探讨了乳化剂配比、电机转速、预乳液滴加速率、预乳化时间等因素对聚合、乳胶粒粒径、乳液性能的影响。结果表明:提高乳化剂乳化能力、降低预乳液滴加速率,可以提高单体转化率、降低乳液乳胶粒粒径,幷使凝胶率降低;乳胶粒粒径较大的共聚乳液具有较好储存稳定性和离心稳定性,且在储存过程中,粒径未大幅增大。但这些乳液的冻融稳定性和高温稳定性较差;醋酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物的热稳定性能远高于聚醋酸乙烯酯。醋酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物是无规共聚物,即使存在聚醋酸乙烯酯和聚丙烯酸丁酯均聚物,二者形成的也是均相共混物;醋酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚乳液黏度低于20mPa·s。     

有机硅/丙烯酸酯乳液的粒径与分散行为研究

采用半连续乳液聚合法合成了以丙烯酸丁酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯为成核单体,丙烯酸丁酯(MAA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(BA)、丙烯酸(AA)和γ―甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷为成壳单体的核壳结构乳液。采用马尔文纳米粒度仪等研究了乳液的粒径及其分布与引发剂和乳化剂用量之间的关系,粒径对乳液稳定性的影响以及乳液粒径与温度的关系,通过透射电镜对乳液微粒形态进行了分析。结果表明,乳液的粒径随着引发剂和乳化剂用量的增加而减小,乳液粒径在30～60℃时较为稳定,当引发剂过硫酸铵质量分数为0.55%,乳化剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠质量分数为2%时,制得的乳液粒径在120 nm左右,具有明显的核壳结构和较好的稳定性。     

核壳乳液的合成及对蔗渣纤维的疏水化改性

采用半连续种子乳液聚合法,以苯乙烯(St)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为单体,十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)为阳离子乳化剂,二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EGDMA)为交联剂,2,2-偶氮二(2-甲基丙基咪)二盐酸盐(AIBA)为阳离子引发剂,制备阳离子乳液。研究了乳化剂用量、引发剂用量、保温时间以及反应温度条件对乳液性能的影响。结果表明:在反应温度80℃、乳化剂用量为单体质量的6%、引发剂用量为单体质量的0.5%、保温时间为2 h时,单体转化率达到98.03%,核壳结构由透射电镜、纳米激光粒度仪表征,结果表明:乳胶粒子的平均粒径为57.21 nm,粒径分布窄(PDI=0.051),乳液的Zeta电位为47.62 m V。利用该乳液对蔗渣纤维进行表面疏水改性,并进行亲水性测试,结果表明,改性后蔗渣纤维接触角由0°提高至98°,疏水改性效果明显。     

改性苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物乳化剂用于乳液聚合的研究

以十二醇为原料,通过酯化反应对苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA-1000P)进行改性。采用所制备的改性苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物作为乳化剂,制备了具有核壳结构的丙烯酸酯聚合物乳胶粒子,研究了乳液合成中乳化剂的酯化程度、乳化剂用量、引发剂的浓度、单体和引发剂滴加时间对乳液粒径、凝胶量等的影响,并利用红外(FT-IR)、纳米激光粒度仪(DLS)、透射电镜(TEM)进行一系列的表征。结果表明:SMA-1000P与十二醇质量比为1∶0.75时可获得性能最佳的乳化剂。TEM观察到的乳液粒径大小及分布趋势与DLS测得的结果一致,同时也证明了核壳结构的存在。     

核壳结构聚硅氧烷/丙烯酸酯复合乳液(Ⅰ)乳化剂对乳液聚合过程及粒径分布和粒子形态的影响

采用种子乳液半连续法合成了具有高有机硅含量的聚硅氧烷/丙烯酸酯核壳结构复合乳液,研究乳化剂的种类、复配比例及质量浓度对有机硅／丙烯酸酯壳核乳液性能与乳胶粒径、分布和结构的影响.结果表明：阴离子乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS-2)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)所合成的乳胶粒子粒径依次增大,SDS与非离子型乳化剂OP-10复配使用时,随OP-10质量分数的增加,聚合速率和转化率降低,化学稳定性增加,乳胶粒子粒径增大,分布变宽,确定了复合乳化剂的最佳配比.随复合乳化剂浓度的增加,聚合速率加快、转化率增加,乳胶粒子粒径减小而分布加宽.通过改变乳化剂加入方式可减小乳胶粒子的粒径分布.为减少壳层聚合物新粒子的产生,需严格控制乳化剂的浓度,使加入的壳层单体处于“饥饿”状态,在乳胶粒子表面富集、引发聚合,形成表层“过渡层”,最终形成核壳结构复合粒子.     

苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯体系超浓乳液的稳定性及共聚合的研究

本文探讨了乳化剂种类、乳化剂浓度及温度对苯乙烯－丙烯酸丁酯体系超浓乳液稳定性的影响。对其共聚合,主要探讨乳化剂浓度、单体体积分数、引发剂秀量对转化率的影响及它们和乳胶粒子径的关系,还 描绘了不同聚合条件下转化率随时间的变化曲线。     

β-环糊精存在下SDS用量对苯丙乳液性能的影响

采用半连续滴加工艺,在β-环糊精(β-CD)存在下制备了综合性能优良的苯丙乳液,探讨了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的用量对苯丙乳液性能的影响。结果表明,随着SDS用量的增加,乳液的凝胶率、乳胶粒子的粒径逐渐减小,粒径分布变窄,单体转化率、Zeta电位绝对值和乳液黏度都逐渐增大,稳定性变好。     

复合交联型水性纸塑复膜胶的研制

介绍了一种水性纸塑复膜胶的制备方法。以丙烯酸丁酯、苯乙烯、丙烯酸和交联型功能单体为主要原料,采用单体预乳化种子乳液聚合工艺进行合成。讨论了单体的选择及配比对乳液性能和纸塑复合的影响、乳化剂对乳液稳定性的影响、引发剂对单体转化率的影响。结果表明：软硬单体丙烯酸丁酯与苯乙烯最佳配比是1．6～2．3：1,乳化剂和引发剂最佳用量分别为总单体量的0．98％和0．60％。制得的乳液粒径细腻、固含量高、黏度适中且稳定性好。     

Dispersion Polymerization of Styrene by Initiation Within Monomer Phase with Lauroyl Peroxide

Dispersion polymerization kinetics of styrene was investigated in this study. A monomer phase soluble initiator, namely lauroyl peroxide, and a water phase soluble emulsifier, namely sodium dodecyl sulfate, were used. the polymerizations were carried out in a magnetic drive, sealed, cylindrical polymerization reactor, in nitrogen atmosphere. Two different fatty alcohols, cetyl and lauryl alcohols, were tried as particle size increasing agents. the effects of initiator, emulsifier concentrations, monomer/water ratio, and the weight ratio of particle size increasing agent to emulsifier on the total monomer conversion, average size, and size distribution of the large latex particles were studied. the agglomeration conditions were tested by changing the polymerization temperature, initiator, and emulsifier concentrations. the results indicated that the polymerization rate and the average size of the latex increased with increasing emulsifier concentration. the average size of the latex was also increased with increasing initiator concentration. the use of cetyl alcohol in the presence of emulsifier resulted in an appreciable increase in the polymerization rate and in the average size of the latex. the effect of fatty alcohols on the polymerization rate in the dispersion polymerization system was completely different than that in the swollen emulsion polymerization. the agglomeration of the large latex particles was increased with decreasing emulsifier and increasing initiator concentrations.     

Statistical experimental strategies approach to emulsion copolymerization of styrene and n-butyl acrylate

A batch emulsion copolymerization for the preparation of styrene-n-butylacrylate (St/BA) copolymer latexes is investigated. A series of n-butylacrylate-styrene copolymer latexes were obtained by emulsion copolymerization in the presence of K₂S₂O₈ (KPS) as initiator and with/without emulsifier (sodium lauryl sulfate). The effect of such preparation conditions as initiator concentration, the St/BA ratio, reaction temperature, agitation rate, and emulsifier concentration on the polymerization rate, particle size of copolymer latex, and molecular weight distribution of the resulting copolymer (∼ 80% conversion), respectively, is systematically studied using fractional factorial design methodology. Fractional factorial analysis indicates that the effects of the St/BA ratio, reaction temperature, emulsifier concentration, as well as the two-factor interaction of temperature and emulsifier concentration, are the key variables influencing the polymerization rate. At ∼ 80% monomer conversion, statistical analysis clearly isolates emulsifier concentration as the dominant factor affecting average particle size of copolymer latex; results also indicate that the effects of the St/BA ratio, reaction temperature, and emulsifier concentration are major effects influencing the polydispersity of polymer molecular-weight distribution. For 7.30 g KPS/100 g monomer and 500 rpm agitation rate, the conditions for minimizing molecular-weight distribution (∼ 80% conversion) occur for a reaction temperature, St/BA ratio, and surfactant concentration of 70°C, ∼ 3.59/1, and ∼ 2.08 g/100 g monomer, respectively, generating a minimum molecular-weight polydispersity of ∼ 3.0. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 551–563, 1998     

Monte Carlo模拟在丁二烯/苯乙烯乳液聚合中的应用研究

以概率论中的大数法则和中心极限定理为基础,通过对成核阶段条件的简化,建立了丁二烯/苯乙烯乳液聚合成核阶段的Monte Carlo模型,模拟考察了乳化剂、引发剂浓度对丁苯乳液聚合反应速率的影响,对丁苯乳聚成核阶段模拟结果进行回归表明,乳胶粒数目N p与乳化剂浓度[S]和引发剂浓度[I]的关系为：N p=k[S]0.606 2[I]0.405 5,与Smith-Ewart经典理论相吻合。改善乳液聚合生成的乳胶粒径分布以及乳胶粒数目是提高乳液聚合中单体转化率最为有效的方法。模拟计算结果表明,将单体转化率从62%提高到70%,引发剂浓度的增加量应在12.90%~34.89%（摩尔分数）之间,乳化剂浓度的增加量应在12.6%~22.16%（摩尔分数）之间。与实验结果进行对比,数据吻合,验证了模拟计算的可靠性和有效性。     

用于可再分散乳胶粉的阳离子苯丙乳液的合成

采用种子乳液聚合法,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为乳化剂,偶氮二异丁眯盐酸盐(AIBA)为引发剂,引入亲水性阳离子单体甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)及功能性单体丙烯酰胺(AM)〔m(DMC)∶m(AM)=1∶1〕来制备用于可再分散乳胶粉的阳离子苯丙乳液。探讨了聚合反应温度、乳化剂用量、引发剂用量、种子单体用量、阳离子单体用量等对乳液及可再分散乳胶粉性能的影响。确定最佳配方和工艺条件为:聚合反应温度为(80±2)℃、DMC添加量为2%(以主要聚合单体质量计,下同)、CTAB用量为2%(以单体总质量计,下同)、AIBA用量为0.53%(以单体总质量计,下同)、种子单体用量为10.0%(以单体总质量计,下同)。在该工艺条件下,合成的阳离子苯丙乳液粒径大小和分布适中、性能稳定,由其所制得的可再分散乳胶粉含水率低、平均粒径小、再分散性优良。     

丙烯腈与丙烯酸乙酯乳液共聚合及其表征

用氧化还原引发体系在低温下研究了丙烯腈与丙烯酸乙酯的乳液共聚合。考察了聚合温度、乳化剂浓度和分子量调节剂浓度对聚合的影响 ,结果表明 ,随温度升高 ,乳化剂浓度增大 ,单体转化率和分子量增大 ,乳液更稳定 ;链转移剂十二烷基硫醇浓度增加 ,分子量显著降低 ,转化率有所降低 ,表明十二烷基硫醇在调节分子量的同时也起着缓聚剂的作用。用激光粒径分析仪考察了 2 0℃时聚合过程中乳胶粒子大小的变化 ,发现聚合过程的成核和增长均在胶束中进行的。用凝胶渗透色谱法研究了十二烷基硫醇对聚合物分子量的影响 ,发现聚合时加入分子量调节剂 ,活性链寿命较短并呈单峰分布 :聚合时不加入分子量调节剂 ,活性链寿命较长并呈双峰分布。 DSC结果表明 ,随聚合体系中软单体含量增加 ,共聚物的玻璃化温度降低。     

Synthesis and properties of branched organosilicon-acrylate copolymer latexes

Summary Stable organosilicon-acrylate copolymer latexes with high silicon content were prepared by seeded semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) with a novel branched organosilicon monomer 3-methacryloxypropyl tris(trimethylsiloxy) silane (MPTS). Monomer conversion, evolution of the particle size and its distribution were monitored by dynamic light scattering. The effects of MPTS on the polymerization kinetics, the nucleation mechanism and properties of latex were investigated. The results indicated that, in addition to micellar nucleation, a coagulative nucleation step was also observed as a result of the addition of the organosilicon monomer, accordingly, the particle number of the silicon-acrylate latexes increased, the average particle diameter decreased and the polymerization rate accordingly increased compared to those of the acrylate latexes without organosilicon monomer. Moreover, the particle size distribution presented bimodal curves, which indicated that there were large particles formed at an early stage. However, the particle size distribution curves became monomodal at the later stage, and the final latex shows a narrow particle size distribution. It was found that the properties of latex and latex film were obviously influenced by MPTS content. With increasing MPTS content, latex film glass transition temperature and water absorption ratio decreased, the degradation temperature and water contact angle were increased. Hence, the resulting latex films containing MPTS showed lower glass transition temperature and excellent water-resistance, which probably due to the incorporation of the bulky branched hydrophobic group of MPTS into the copolymer chains.     

Synthesis and characterization of polyacrylate latex containing fluorine and silicon via semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization

The polyacrylate latex containing fluorine and silicon were successfully synthesized by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization in the presence of the mixed emulsifier of novel sodium lauroyl glutamate (SLG) anion surfactant and BCE-10 nonionic surfactant, which methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) were used as main monomers and hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) were used as the functional monomers. Potassium persulfate (KPS) was used as the initiator. The structural groups of the latex films were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal performance of the film was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis. The latex particle size and its distribution were measured by the dynamic light scattering detector. Furthermore, surface hydrophobicity of the latex film was examined by measurement of water contact angle (WCA). WCA and thermal stability of the film are increased with the increased amount of HFMA and VTES. Factors, which have an influence on the properties of the resultant latex and its film, are investigated in detail. Results show that the optimal condition of synthesizing the emulsion is as follows: the amount of emulsifiers is 7.0%; mass ratio of SLG to BCE-10 is 1:1; the amount of initiator is 0.8%; the mass ratio of MMA to BA is 1:1; the content of the fluorine monomer and silicon monomer is 6.0%.     

Semibatch emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate

The concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in the initial reactor charge is the most important parameter in determining the particle size of a semibatch emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA). The number of particles formed is proportional to the concentration of SLS to the 0.5–1.2 power and it is proportional to the concentration of the nonyl phenol–40 mol ethylene oxide adduct to the 0.014–0.72 power. The number of particles is almost independent of the concentration of the initiator. The solubility of monomer in water has an important effect on the nucleation mechanism according to the literature. However, the ratio of MMA to BA does not show any significant effect on the latex particle size in our laboratory. The particle size also increases with increasing ionic strength or agitation speed. Experimental data of particle-size distribution and molecular weight distribution support the coagulative nucleation mechanism when the concentration of SLS is way below its critical micelle concentration (CMC). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Anionic ring-opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in emulsion above critical micelle concentration

Batch anionic ring-opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in emulsion using nonionic and cationic emulsifiers was studied. The concentration of emulsifiers was set above their critical micelle concentration. Effects of emulsifier concentration, nonionic/cationic emulsifier ratio and cationic emulsifier/initiator (KOH) ratio on the kinetics, average particle size and distribution and on the average molecular weight and distribution were investigated and discussed. At the beginning of the polymerization, empty micelles, active micelles (polymer particles) and monomer droplets co-exist in emulsion. The transport of monomer from monomer droplets toward empty micelles was confirmed by monomer droplets and empty micelles disappearance and by formation of smaller particles. The transport of monomer from monomer droplets toward polymer particles was not confirmed, since the average polymer particle size did not increase during polymerization. It was proposed, that at lower conversions, monomer diffuses from polymer particle interior to particle surface, while at higher conversions, the monomer diffuses from larger to smaller polymer particles. Emulsifier concentration, nonionic/cationic emulsifier ratio and cationic emulsifier/KOH ratio have an evident effect on the kinetics and on the average molecular weight, thus demonstrating that cationic emulsifier participates to the initiation reaction.