外拘束角接头旋转电弧焊接应力应变分析

为探究旋转电弧角焊焊接残余应变分布规律,控制工件变形,分析对比了三维多体耦合模型与外拘束力模型两种拘束模型下工件残余应力与变形.首先,设定模型间的接触关系,建立了由焊件、工作台和夹具组成的三维多体耦合模型;然后,通过设定工件上节点区域法向压力和位移约束,建立了外拘束力模型;再采用热—力直接耦合法,基于上述两种模型,运用ANSYS软件模拟了旋转电弧焊接变形,获得了两种模型下残余应变曲线,并进行试验验证.结果表明,三维多体耦合模型的焊件应变曲线更接近试验结果,并且其焊接残余应变范围及峰值均较平缓,为优化焊件装夹方式来控制旋转电弧角焊变形提供参考依据.     

LD10铝合金随焊碾压工艺的有限元分析

焊接过程产生的焊接应力和变形,不仅影响焊接结构的制造过程,而且还影响焊接结构的使用性能。本文基于LD10铝合金薄板焊接构件的特点,利用有限元模拟软件Marc,综合考虑焊接热源、材料空气散热系数、焊接与冷却时间、碾压力等边界条件,建立了LD10工件的随焊碾压有限元模拟模型。通过模拟其焊接过程,对比了常规焊接和随焊碾压工艺条件下,薄板的残余应力与应变情况,比较不同的碾压参数下焊件的残余应力与应变,确定了碾压力及压下量对焊接残余应力的影响。在此基础上明确了随焊碾压控制焊接残余应力应变的力学机理。     

随焊加载冷源或位移控制载荷的无应力焊接方法

应用一维杆模型论证了随焊加载冷源或位移控制载荷实现无应力焊接的原理. 应用数值模拟探讨了其实现方式,对7种加载方案下杆件中心点应力、塑性应变等物理量的时程分布进行了数值模拟对比研究,认为任意时刻外加位移控制载荷产生的机械应变和热输入满足一定条件时焊后残余应力为零. 随焊降低残余应力的工艺在焊件局部区域产生的变形速率与该局部区域的热膨胀或收缩变形量速率大小相同时,降低残余应力的效果达到最优. 应用模型导出的原理对焊前预拉伸、焊前温差拉伸、动态温差拉伸、低应力无变形焊接(LSND)等工艺的原理和参数设置依据进行了讨论. 结果表明,使焊件内部在冷却时产生足够大的拉伸塑性应变,是降低焊接残余应力的有效途径.     

焊接应力变形原理若干问题的探讨(二)

提出焊接残余应力形成和消除原理:焊接残余应力不是压缩塑性应变引起的,而是由于焊缝和近缝区金属在"力学熔点"及以下温度冷却收缩受阻产生的;消除焊接残余应力不是产生拉伸塑性应变以减少、抵消和补偿压缩塑性应变,而是将残余弹性应变转变为塑性应变;消除焊接残余应力并不是必须去除固有应变,部分去除或完全不去除固有应变也能完全消除残余应力.提出随焊后热精确控制应力变形焊接法,既可实现无应力焊接和无应力无变形焊接,也可实现适当压应力无变形焊接和较大压应力微变形焊接;并对传统方法与有限元法进行了分析比较.     

316不锈钢超薄板脉冲激光焊残余应力及变形

在超薄金属板焊接过程中,残余应力及变形对产品质量有重要影响.文中研究了316不锈钢超薄板（厚度为70 μm）脉冲激光焊接过程的残余应力和焊接变形.采用热-弹-塑性有限元法和半椭球移动热源模型,考虑模型的几何和材料非线性因素,采用顺序耦合的方法对超薄板结构的温度场、应力-应变场进行模拟.采用光纤激光器对70 μm的316不锈钢板进行焊接,用红外测温仪对特征点热循环进行测量,用激光位移传感器测量了焊接变形,用X射线衍射应力测试仪测试了残余应力.结果表明,温度场、残余应力、变形的模拟计算结果与试验结果吻合.     

应力应变、疲劳与脆断、断裂力学

薄板焊接残余应力尺寸效应，管对接全位置焊应力应变场三维有限元数值分析，焊接残余应力求解的边界元数学模型，镍基单晶合金TLP焊接件破坏特性研究，电弧超声对Q235A的SMAW焊缝组织和性能的影响，压力钢管安装焊接过程的变形分析。[编者按]     

应力应变、疲劳与脆断、断裂力学

20061081 轿车车门铰链的焊接变形Ⅱ．凸焊焊后残余应力殛变形分析；20061082 船用大型焊接结构的焊接变形预测实例；20061083 镍合金板上堆焊焊道的纵向残余应力研究；20061084 焊接的钢构件在循环载荷作用下残余应力的消除过程；20061085 基于接头外表面应变获得的激光焊搭接接头的应力；20061086 高温台金焊接接头动态拉伸变形断裂行为；     

冷轧薄板带激光焊接应力场模拟及焊接工艺参数研究

以DP980高强钢板带材为例,研究其激光拼焊过程中的残余应力、焊接变形与焊接工艺参数的关系,用热-力耦合的方法模拟带钢激光焊接过程,通过试验验证了模型的可信度.最后设置不同工况,分析焊接工艺参数对其残余应力及变形的影响.结果 表明:焊接残余应力与变形随着焊接速度的增大有减小的趋势,焊接速度在2.0～3.0 m/min时...     

不同振动时效处理工艺对焊接构件残余应力的影响

振动时效技术是通过引起焊接构件的共振达到调整构件内部残余应力的新技术,具有适用性强、耗能低等特点,有着广泛的应用前景.本文通过测试采用不同振动时效处理工艺后海洋平台用D36钢焊接试件的焊后残余应力及角变形,对比分析了在焊接过程中不同阶段进行振动时效处理对焊接构件残余应力和角变形的影响.试验结果显示,采用“焊时振动”处理工艺时的角变形最小,而采用“层间振动”处理工艺可以获得最好的应力消除效果.为不同振动时效处理工艺应用于减小焊接构件残余应力和焊后变形提供了试验理论依据.     

Hastelloy C-276薄板脉冲激光焊接残余应力和变形的数值模拟和实验研究(英文)

为了揭示0.5 mm厚度Hastelloy C-276薄板脉冲激光拘束焊接的热力学行为,借助ANSYS软件建立了三维有限元模型。实验测量了焊接温度历程和残余变形,验证了所建立有限元模型的可靠性。基于该有限元模型,采用改变夹具拘束条件的方法,进一步研究了拘束距离对Hastelloy C-276薄板焊接瞬态应力和塑性应变、残余应力及变形的影响规律。结果表明,温度历程和残余变形的模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好;拘束距离对瞬态塑性应变的大小有显著影响,进而改变了残余应力及变形的分布和大小。随着夹具拘束距离从20 mm减小到4 mm,除了纵向残余拉伸应力外,横向残余拉伸应力和位移的峰值以及角变形的大小都呈减小的趋势。相对较小的拘束距离可以作为抑制横向残余拉伸应力和角变形的高效低成本方法,但对纵向残余拉伸应力有不利影响。     

Strain Rate Dependency of Simulated Welding Residual Stresses

In the present work, the influence of taking into consideration the strain rate-dependent nature of steel S355 during a calculation of the welding residual stresses through a finite element simulation is investigated. The Perzyna material model is calibrated using experimental values found in the literature and is introduced to a validated weld simulation model, where the strain rate dependency had not been taken into consideration before this study. The calculated profiles of the welding residual stresses, for strain rate-dependent and independent behavior, are then compared with experimentally measured profiles. The results of this first-step analysis show that taking into consideration strain rate dependency during a welding simulation of the investigated S355 has non-negligible influence on the calculated welding residual stresses.     

Experimental measurement of biaxial thermal stress fields caused by arc welding

The strain field within thin steel plates during gas metal arc welding has been studied using resistance strain gauges and digital image correlation, allowing the initial formation of stresses around the weld seam to be observed. Major features of the transient stress field have been identified, and are explained with reference to the underlying thermal and mechanical processes. A comparison of stresses occurring during bead-on-plate and butt welding shows they are very similar. The assumptions and limitations associated with determination of the stress state are addressed, and the application of such methods to the problem of reducing welding residual stresses is discussed.     

材料硬化模型对316L不锈钢焊接残余应力的影响

316L奥氏体不锈钢具有较强的应变硬化特征,建立合适的硬化模型可以更加准确地预测焊接残余应力.建立一种新型的非线性混合硬化模型,基于SYSWELD软件,采用间接耦合的三维热弹塑性有限元法模拟316L奥氏体不锈钢三道槽焊缝的残余应力.结果表明,材料的硬化模型对焊接残余应力的预测具有重要的影响,随着热循环次数的增加,硬化模型的影响越明显;与实际测量结果比较,随动硬化模型低估了焊接残余应力,等向硬化模型高估了残余应力,采用非线性混合硬化模型可以更加准确地模拟焊接残余应力.     

钻孔法中的残余应力场 Ⅱ.应用

在修正的钻孔法测量残余应力的计算模型的基础上,推导了考虑硬化层时由释放应变表示的残余应力计算公式。以304不锈钢试件受单向均匀拉伸作用为例,将试件内的初始应力视为残余应力。钻孔测量了试件的释放应变,并分别按照不计硬化层和考虑硬化层两种方法计算了试件内的残余应力。同时采用16MnR钢试件在弯曲时的释放应变,分别采用这两种方法计算了试件内的残余应力。通过比较计算残余应力和真实残余应力（即给定的初始应力）,计算了这两种方法的精度。此外,对轿车后桥的焊接残余应力进行了实测。结果表明,硬化层对残余应力的测量会产生明显的影响,从而进一步证明了将硬化层简化为异质圆环的计算模型的合理性和有效性。     

LY12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力分析

采用小孔法对不同焊接工艺参数下得到的LY12铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊对接接头的残余应力进行了测量和分析.为了消除孔边塑性变形对测量精度的影响,建立了三维有限元法模拟应变释放系数的测量试验,使用基于孔边形状改变比能的A,B系数修正法对盲孔释放系数进行修正.结果表明,接头残余应力呈不对称分布,前进侧应力高于返回侧;纵向残余应力总是高于横向残余应力,但是横向残余应力并非在零附近,而是有一定的大小,约为焊前母材强度的10.8%;在一定范围内,搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力随旋转频率先增大后减小,随下压量和焊接速度的增加而增加.     

焊接热循环和变形历史相关的A7N01-T6本构关系

建立了与焊接热循环温度和热变形历史相关的铝合金本构关系,利用MSC.MARC二次开发接口和Fortran语言,以塑性变形有限元计算增量理论为基础,开发了适用于焊接过程的材料本构关系用户子程序.采用弹塑性(混合硬化)和蠕变性质(应变软化)描述低温应变硬化特征和高温动态回复及再结晶引起的应变软化特征,不同温度的本构关系形式一致而参数不同.结果表明,焊件的残余应力和应变结果与理论结果吻合良好.与采用理想弹塑性本构关系相比,采用新开发的本构关系,高温应变软化和低温应变硬化导致等效残余应力基本不变,纵向残余压缩塑性应变较大,相应的焊接残余变形也较大.     

不同内压对锥柱耐压壳焊接残余应力的影响

为了研究高强钢锥柱耐压壳焊接残余应力在不同内压作用下的变化规律,首先运用ANSYS中的APDL语言编制了焊接残余应力计算程序,并用模型试验验证其可靠性.在数值模拟和试验结果相一致的基础上,计算了锥柱耐压壳的初始焊接残余应力.然后对有初始焊接残余应力的锥柱耐压壳在不同内压下的残余应力变化规律进行研究.结果表明,随着内压的...     

一种先进热冲压钢的电阻点焊工艺多元非线性回归设计

采用多元非线性回归正交组合设计了试验方案,研究了点焊工艺参数对一种先进热冲压钢焊接接头质量的影响.将点焊接头抗剪切强度与点焊熔核直径作为影响接头质量的主要考察指标.以电极力、焊接电流及焊接时间作为工艺参数,并分析三者之间的相互制约关系.通过正交理论设计了9组试验,根据回归设计理论,建立三元二次非线性回归方程并进行了剩余标准差计算.结果表明,回归模型能够实现对点焊接头抗将剪切强度与点焊熔核直径的有效预测.绘制了其三维视图,在模型的基础上研究点焊工艺参数对焊缝质量的影响规律.     

Influence of Material Model on Prediction Accuracy of Welding Residual Stress in an Austenitic Stainless Steel Multi-pass Butt-Welded Joint

Both experimental method and numerical simulation technology were employed to investigate welding residual stress distribution in a SUS304 steel multi-pass butt-welded joint in the current study. The main objective is to clarify the influence of strain hardening model and the yield strength of weld metal on prediction accuracy of welding residual stress. In the experiment, a SUS304 steel butt-welded joint with 17 passes was fabricated, and the welding residual stresses on both the upper and bottom surfaces of the middle cross section were measured. Meanwhile, based on ABAQUS Code, an advanced computational approach considering different plastic models as well as annealing effect was developed to simulate welding residual stress. In the simulations, the perfect plastic model, the isotropic strain hardening model, the kinematic strain hardening model and the mixed isotropic-kinematic strain hardening model were employed to calculate the welding residual stress distributions in the multi-pass butt-welded joint. In all plastic models with the consideration of strain hardening, the annealing effect was also taken into account. In addition, the influence of the yield strength of weld metal on the simulation result of residual stress was also investigated numerically. The conclusions drawn by this work will be helpful in predicting welding residual stresses of austenitic stainless steel welded structures used in nuclear power plants.     

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Residual Stresses in the Circumferential Butt GTAW of Incoloy 800H Pipes

The residual stresses developed during the circumferential butt gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process of Incoloy 800H pipes were simulated using the finite element method. A decoupled thermostructural model was developed in three dimensions. The element birth and death technique was used for the addition of filler material in the weld pool. The Goldak double ellipsoidal model was used to simulate the distribution of arc heat during welding. The plastic behavior of the material was described by Von Mises yield function and the bilinear kinematics hardening was assumed. To validate the thermostructural model, both temperature and residual stress distributions within the pipes were measured using thermocouples and strain gages, respectively. Good agreements were found between the experimental and simulation results. The model was then used to predict distribution of residual stresses during the GTAW of Incoloy 800H pipes and to study effects of process parameters on the residual stresses.