轿车差速器齿轮精密成形的有限元数值模拟

对轿车差速器锥齿轮的冷摆辗成形过程进行三维刚塑性有限元模拟和实验研究，利用三维有限元软件-DEFORM模拟其成形过程中的金属流动充填规律和变形力学特征，揭示了其精密成形过程的变形机理。数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

螺旋锥齿轮摆辗工艺研究

螺旋锥齿轮形状复杂,齿线长而弯曲,不易通过常规方法加工.摆辗作为一种新的塑性成形螺旋锥齿轮的方法,克服了精密模锻成形力过大的困难.基于有限元的方法,本文对螺旋锥齿轮摆辗成形过程进行研究,分析了成形各阶段的变形与载荷特性;针对摆辗最后阶段飞边面积较大、载荷过大的特点,提出了摆辗摆头改进的方法,减少了飞边面积,从而使得成形力减少了1/3;通过铅试件成形验证了摆辗螺旋锥齿轮成形过程,说明了摆辗螺旋锥齿轮是可行的.     

7Cr7Mo2V2Si(LD)钢在冷摆辗模上的应用

1前言冷摆辗是当今世界上迅速发展起来的一种新型高精度、高效率的金属成型工艺。在国际上，瑞士、德国、日本等工业发达国家均采用该工艺生产轿车、摩托车、电器等有关零部件。我国在90年代也相继引进了具有国际先进水平的摆辗机，如瑞士SCHMID公司的T200、T400、T630冷成形摆辗机。我公司于1997年引进了瑞士SCHMID公司的T200和T630摆辗机各一台，用于直齿锥齿轮的冷摆辗成形，同时也开展了成形工艺的一系列研究。然而由于模具在冷摆辗过程中出现早期开裂，导致模具过早失效而成为冷摆辗工艺的制约因素。2选材针对冷摆辗成形的特点…     

轿车差速器齿轮精密成形的有限元数值模拟

采用冷摆辗方法来成形轿车差速器半轴齿轮毛坯.首先分析了齿轮成形的工艺特点,利用三维有限元软件--DEFORM对成形过程进行模拟,得到成形过程的金属流动充填规律以及力学量场分布情况,并通过实验来验证模拟结果,为模具设计和制造提供参考.同时,将先进制造技术--CAM技术应用到模具制造中,加工的电极精度达到4级,进而加工出7级精度的齿轮毛坯.结果表明,采用冷摆辗方法来成形轿车齿轮是可行的.     

高精度锥齿轮冷闭式锻造齿模修形及加工电极设计

精密成形时弹性变形是影响锻件尺寸精度的重要因素。本文采用数值模拟的方法,以锥齿轮冷闭式锻造精密成形工艺为对象,模拟了锥齿轮的冷闭式锻造成形过程,揭示了在有预应力的工况下模具弹性膨胀变形及锥齿轮锻件出模后弹性回复的变化规律。根据模拟结果,分别绘制了模具弹性膨胀和锻件出模回弹后的齿形曲线。在定量分析了两者对齿轮精度的综合影响之后,运用反补偿法预先修正齿形凹模,并进行了齿模电极的设计。研究结果对齿轮精度的提高提供了重要参考。     

轿车齿轮精密成型的有限元模拟及齿形数字化修形

在三维有限元数值模拟软件DEFORM中模拟齿轮冷摆辗成形过程,得到成形过程的金属流动充填规律以及力学量场分布情况,并分析了模具在有预应力工况下,齿轮成形过程的模具受力弹性变形和齿轮出模后的弹性回复规律,绘制出模具弹性膨胀和锻件出模回弹后的齿形曲线。依据凹模的变形规律,在设计齿轮电极时进行预先补偿,从而保证摆辗齿轮的高精度。     

双辊摆辗螺旋锥齿轮成形工艺参数优化

双辊摆辗螺旋锥齿轮时,工艺参数对螺旋锥齿轮的成形效果有重要影响。通过正交实验的方法,对双辊摆辗螺旋锥齿轮的工艺方案进行选择,运用DEFORM-3D有限元分析软件,对所选择的正交实验方案进行模拟仿真,提取仿真分析数据,并对其进行极差分析,得到最优工艺参数组合为A3B2C1D2E3,即摆辗件初始温度为950℃,下模进给速度为2 mm·s~(-1),摩擦系数为0. 2,双辊公转速度为75 r·min~(-1),坯料厚度为31. 22 mm。对该工艺方案进行模拟与实验,所得实验结果与模拟优化所得结果一致,表明该工艺方案对3个实验指标有明显的提升,其中摆辗件与凹模接触面积提高了约43. 9%,最大成形载荷由1827 kN减少至1358 kN,平均晶粒尺寸由58. 2μm减少至33. 3μm。     

发动机带轮冷辗扩成形规律

研究了汽车发动机带轮冷辗扩精确成形技术,应用Simufact软件进行了有限元模拟,研究了驱动辊转速和芯辊进给速度对汽车发动机带轮冷辗扩成形力能参数和成形质量的影响.在带轮的两道次冷辗扩中,增大驱动辊转速或降低芯辊进给速度可以有效降低轧制力;驱动辊转速为14 rad·s-1,芯辊进给速度为1.4 mm·s-1时,第1道次...     

偏心套转速对螺旋锥齿轮摆辗成形的影响

摆辗成形过程中不同的上模运动轨迹对螺旋锥齿轮的摆辗成形有重要的影响,而上模的运动轨迹由内外偏心套的转速决定。单辊摆辗过程中,偏心套转速的改变会引起玫瑰线和螺旋线运动周期和轨迹形状的改变。以材料为20CrMnTiH钢的螺旋锥齿轮为研究对象,通过UG建立了三维有限元模型,并利用Deform-3D详细研究了当偏心套转速不同时,轨迹运动周期和轨迹形状的变化对摆辗成形螺旋锥齿轮成形力能参数、变形均匀性、齿根损伤因子和接触面积的影响规律。结果表明:不同的偏心套转速对玫瑰线和螺旋线摆辗成形螺旋锥齿轮的影响规律具有相似性,螺旋锥齿轮在玫瑰线和螺旋线轨迹摆辗成形过程中取周期T=3 s、转速比|n_1/n_2|=6/7较为合适。     

高铁轴承内圈冷辗扩成形的数值模拟和试验研究

采用ABAQUS软件建立了高铁轴承内圈冷辗扩有限元模型,通过芯辊六工进进给方式下的模拟分析,利用单因素法研究了芯辊第1工进进给速度对冷辗扩过程中轧制力矩的变化及分布的影响;基于XS-160精密冷辗机进行了高铁轴承内圈冷辗扩试验研究,将数值模拟和试验所得内圈成形效果和内孔圆度进行了对比分析。结果表明,芯辊第1工进速度越大,辗扩力矩越大,冷辗扩过程越不稳定;当芯辊第1和第6工进进给速度分别为1.0和0.1 mm·s-1时,轴承内圈的成形质量和内孔圆度最好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.