A 3-D Spectral Integral Method (SIM) for Surface Integral Equations

An efficient 3-D spectral integral method (SIM) has been proposed to speed up the method of moments (MOM) calculation of induced currents on a cuboid. This method utilizes the Toeplitz structure in the impedance matrix and the fast Fourier transform to accelerate the MOM solution. It reduces the memory and CPU time per iteration from $O(N^2)$ in the MOM to $O(N^{1.5})$ and $O(N^{1.5}log N)$, respectively. Thus, the SIM can be also used as an efficient radiation boundary condition for the finite element method. Numerical results confirm the effectiveness of this method.      

二维目标电磁散射计算的一种高精度有限元-边界元混合方法

给出了应用于二维目标电磁散射计算的一种高精度有限元-边界元混合方法:1)将八结点曲边四边形二阶等参数单元作为有限元单元,2)运用插值函数法简单而又高精度地计算边界元部分采用二阶单元时的奇异积分。通过数值实验验证了方法的有效性。     

A spectral Integral method (SIM) for layered media

A spectral integral method is presented for electromagnetic scattering from dielectric and perfectly electric conducting (PEC) objects with a closed boundary embedded in a layered medium. Two-dimensional layered medium Green's functions are computed adaptively by using Gaussian quadratures. The singular terms in the Green's functions and the non-smooth terms in their derivatives are handled appropriately to achieve exponential convergence. Numerical results, compared with the ones obtained by using other methods, demonstrate the spectral accuracy and high efficiency of the proposed method. They also confirm that the spectral integral method (SIM) is applicable to concave objects.     

分层煤质中探测浅二维目标的新方法

本文提出利用时域散射信息对埋于分层媒质中的无耗二维电磁目标进行微波成像的新方法一时城变分迭代法（TVIM）。这是一种基于电磁体等效原理、变分原理和傅立叶变换的迭代方法。我们列举一些典型的数值反演实例,并与有关文献结果作了比较,考察TVIM的收敛性能、反演复杂目标能力、抗随机噪声等反演性能,并从理论上简要分析形成TVIM良好反演性能的原因。     

Spectral Method for Calculation of Slotted Antennas with Layered Insulator

Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics - A solution to the problem of excitation of a slotted antenna array (AA) with a rectangular waveguide filled with layered insulator is...     

A Spectral Theory for Hybrid Modulation

Certain properties of periodic signals are defined in terms of the zeros and singularities of associated analytic functions of a complex time variablez. This algebraic approach is a generalization of analytic signal theory, and leads to the conception of hybrid modulation as the superposition of twoz-plane zero-singularity (ZS) patterns associated with amplitude- and angle-modulating signals, respectively. It is shown that important spectral properties of the modulated signal, such as band limitation, are explicit in the resultant pattern. Signal design is then interpreted in terms of ZS manipulation and placement. The theory is applied in a unified approach to compatible singlesideband (CSSB) modulation systems. It is shown that two types of proposed CSSB systems give rise to essentially nonband-limited output signals. The relation between conventional and single-sideband (SSB) angle modulation is also discussed in terms of their characteristic ZS patterns.     

A Total-Field/Scattered-Field Plane-Wave Source for the FDTD Analysis of Layered Media

A total-field/scattered-field (TF/SF) plane-wave source is developed for the finite-difference time-domain analysis of general (possibly lossy) planar layered media. A 1-D auxiliary grid is created to generate the incident field in the presence of the layered medium. Inhomogeneous plane waves are also allowed for lossless layers and narrowband excitation.     

A Hybrid Compression Method for Integral Images Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Discrete Cosine Transform

Integral imaging (II) is a promising three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique that uses an array of diffractive or refractive optical elements to record the 3-D information on a conventional digital sensor. With II, the object information is recorded in the form of an array of subimages, each representing a slightly different perspective of the object In order to obtain high-quality 3-D images, digital sensors with a large number of pixels are required. Consequently, high-quality II involves recording and processing large amounts of data. In this paper, we present a compression method developed for the particular characteristics of the digitally recorded integral image. The compression algorithm is based on a hybrid technique implementing a four-dimensional transform combining the discrete wavelet transform and the discrete cosine transform. The proposed algorithm outperforms the baseline JPEG compression scheme applied to II and a previous compression method developed for II based on MPEG II.     

Soft ARQ for Layered Streaming Media

A growing and important class of traffic in the Internet is so-called “streaming media,” in which a server transmits a packetized multimedia signal to a receiver that buffers the packets for playback. This playback buffer, if adequately sized, counteracts the adverse impact of delay jitter and reordering suffered by packets as they traverse the network, and if large enough also allows lost packets to be retransmitted before their playback deadline expires. We call this framework for retransmitting lost streaming-media packets “soft ARQ” since it represents a relaxed form of Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ). While state-of-the-art media servers employ such strategies, no work to date has proposed an optimal strategy for delay-constrained retransmissions of streaming media—specifically, one which determines what is the optimal packet to transmit at any given point in time. In this paper, we address this issue and present a framework for streaming media retransmission based on layered media representations, in which a signal is decomposed into a discrete number of layers and each successive layer provides enhanced quality. In our approach, the source chooses between transmitting (1) newer but critical coarse information (e.g., a first approximation of the media signal) and (2) older but less important refinement information (e.g., added details) using a decision process that minimizes the expected signal distortion at the receiver. To arrive at the proper mix of these two extreme strategies, we derive an optimal strategy for transmitting layered data over a binary erasure channel with instantaneous feedback. To provide a quantitative performance comparison of different transmission policies, we conduct a Markov-chain analysis, which shows that the best transmission policy is time-invariant and thus does not change as the frames' layers approach their expiration times.     

求解场-路混合问题的时域积分方程法

研究了基于时域积分方程求解场-路混合问题的方法,其基础是“耦合电流”的思想,区域中的电路部分和电磁结构部分通过其连接处的耦合电流联系在一起,由此完善了传统的电流连续性方程.然后将TDIE方法与电路仿真方法——改进的节点分析法相结合,并通过广义基尔霍夫电压定律将电路中节点的电位与电磁结构上接口处的电位联系在一起.采用这种方法求解场-路混合问题,不需要生成端口模型,而直接求解场-路耦合方程.最后通过传输线算例证明了方法的正确性.     

激光激发板状分层材料的超声波场模拟

针对均匀层状材料受线分布等效载荷作用时波的产生和传播的模拟过程,提出了一种新的动态刚度矩阵构造方法。采用激光等效力源,分别对有边界和无边界两种情况下板材料的单元动态刚度矩阵的频率变化特性进行了研究,给出了该方法构造的刚度矩阵频率响应变化,并对位移响应的求解过程进行了建模仿真。     

一种有效计算有耗分层媒质中格林函数的方法

以两层平面分层媒质为例,讨论了不同情况下空域格林函数的计算方法,指出了有耗平面分层媒质情况下传统方法的缺点,提出采用二维离散复像法(2D-DCIM)处理有耗平面分层媒质中的格林函数,并对积分路径做了相关要求,得到了同时包含场点纵坐标z和源点纵坐标z′及场源点横向距离ρ的格林函数的空域闭式表达式。所得结果与数值积分法的结果吻合良好,证实了该文方法的正确性。     

A Hybrid PSTD/ADI-CFDTD Method for Mixed-Scale Electromagnetic Problems

We propose a hybrid technique combining the pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method with the alternating-direction implicit conformal finite-difference time-domain (ADI-CFDTD) method to solve 3-D mixed-scale problems in computational electromagnetics. A mixed-scale problem contains both electrically large and relatively homogeneous regions and electrically small fine details, thus poses a significant computational challenge to any single computational method if it is utilized alone. In particular, the ADI-CFDTD method is an unconditionally stable time-domain method with second-order spatial accuracy, and allows the time step to be increased beyond the Courant-Friedrichs-Levy limit; it is suitable for electrically small problem (structure details much smaller than a wavelength) but is inefficient and suffers from large numerical errors for electrically large-scale regions. The PSTD method, on the other hand, is accurate and efficient for regions with large, relatively homogeneous materials, but loses its efficiency for electrically small structures. The hybrid PSTD/ADI-CFDTD method overcomes these disadvantages and is potentially more useful than the individual solvers. The implementation details and numerical accuracy of this hybrid method are examined. Numerical examples demonstrate the advantages of the hybrid PSTD/ADI-CFDTD method     

LHFS-支持公平服务的CICQ混合调度策略

针对现有联合输入交叉点排队交换结构(CICQ,Combined Input and Cross-point Queuing)调度策略无法提供基于“流”的服务质量保障,探讨了在CICQ交换结构实施基于流调度的可能性,提出一种能够为到达流提供公平服务的分层混合公平服务调度策略——LHFS(Layered and Hybrid Fair Scheduling).LHFS对每个输入、输出端口可独立地进行变长分组交换,其算法复杂度为0(1),具有良好可扩展特性.理论分析结果表明,LHFS能够为业务流提供时延上限和公平性保障.最后,基于SPES(Switching Performance Evaluation System)仿真系统对LHFS的性能进行了评估.     

Numerical Mode-Matching Method for Tilted-Coil Antennas in Cylindrically Layered Anisotropic Media With Multiple Horizontal Beds

Tilted-coil antennas (TCAs) have been proposed to increase the directional sensitivity and anisotropy sensitivity of well-logging tools used in oilfield exploration. In this paper, we simulate TCAs in 3-D cylindrically layered and anisotropic earth formations with multiple horizontal beds using an extended numerical mode-matching (NMM) approach. The field components are expanded in terms of longitudinal (vertical) eigenmodes to facilitate the analysis of transverse electric and transverse magnetic fields, which are coupled in this case. The perfectly matched layer is incorporated into the NMM formulation to mimic the Sommerfeld radiation condition in the longitudinal (vertical) direction. NMM results are compared with 3-D simulation results using finite-difference time-domain method and a pseudoanalytical approach based on Sommerfeld integrals (for problems where the latter is applicable), showing very good agreement.     

Hybrid FEM/Floquet Modes/PO Technique for Multi-Incidence RCS Prediction of Array Antennas

An original method is proposed which associates rigorous 3D finite element methods (FEM) with Floquet modes through FACTOPO multidomain formalism for computing the radar cross section (RCS) of large array antennas. The most original aspect of the method is the fact that the source unit cell is characterized by a generalized scattering matrix (GSM) which does not depend on the plane wave incidence impinging the structure. Consequently, the factorization step of the FEM matrix, which is the main computational effort, is performed only once. The assembling procedure consists then in expressing the FEM GSM matrix in the Floquet mode basis for each incidence and to solve a linear system giving the complex amplitude of the Floquet modes on the array/cell interface. Associated with this formalism, lateral and back structure effects can be treated using physical optics (PO) combined with the equivalent current method (ECM) to improve the accuracy for far broadside incidence.     

A Method for Assessing Spectral Image Utility

The utility of an image is an attribute that describes the ability of that image to satisfy performance requirements for a particular application. This paper establishes the context for spectral image utility by first reviewing traditional approaches to assessing panchromatic image utility and then discussing differences for spectral imagery. We define spectral image utility for the subpixel target detection application as the area under the receiver operating curve summarized across a range of target detection scenario parameters. We propose a new approach to assessing the utility of any spectral image for any target type and size and detection algorithm. Using six airborne hyperspectral images, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the assessed image utility to various target detection scenario parameters and show the flexibility of this approach as a tool to answer specific user information requirements. The results of this investigation lead to a better understanding of spectral image information vis-À-vis target detection performance and provide a step toward quantifying the ability of a spectral image to satisfy information exploitation requirements.      

A Spectral Domain Integral Equation Method Utilizing Analytically Derived Characteristic Basis Functions for the Scattering From Large Faceted Objects

A novel technique, based on a spectral domain integral equation method with analytically derived characteristic basis functions, is introduced in this paper. It enables us to treat scattering problems from electrically large faceted bodies in a numerically rigorous and computationally efficient manner, in terms of both time and memory. The analytically derived characteristic basis functions include certain desirable features of the asymptotic schemes and are defined on subdomains that can be electrically large, not being bound to the typical discretization size of the conventional method of moments. By properly weighting through a Galerkin procedure the resulting electric field integral equation, the problem is reduced to a matrix equation having dimensions that do not depend on the size of the scatterer but only on its shape. Electrically large problems can be handled in a computationally efficient manner by using the proposed method since the associated matrix size is relatively small; moreover, all the reduced matrix elements are calculated in the spectral domain without evaluating any convolution products.     

获取吸波结构电磁参数的FEM／GA方法

提出了利用有限元计算模型和改进的遗传进化算法获取吸波结构中未知参数层电磁参数的方法.根据电磁参数与多角度入射吸波结构反射率的关系建立有限元正向计算模型,根据自由空间方法搭建的测试系统测量得到相应入射角度下的反射率,并利用遗传优化得到吸波结构中未知参数层的电磁参数.优化过程中采用高斯随机数代替基本遗传算法的均匀平均数,避免陷入局部最优点.与传统的网络参数法相比较,本文提出的方法避免了厚度谐振和多值性问题.     

一种DHMM的混合训练方法

隐马尔柯夫模型(HMM)作为描述语音信号的一个工具,按输出概率分布的不同,可分为连续HMM(CHMM)和离散HMM(DHMM).经典的训练方法Baum-Welch算法虽然收敛迅速,但是这类基于爬山的算法只能取得局部最优解,从而影响了系统的识别率.对于CHMM,借助于分类K平均方法可以取得可靠的初始点以保证迅速准确的收敛.而对于DHMM,该方法收益不大,最终所得的仍是局部最优解.由于进化计算一个最重要的特点便是全局搜索,这样可得全局最优解或次优解.本文将进化计算应用到DHMM的训练中,提出了一个把传统算法和进化计算相结合的混合算法.实验结果表明该方法既保证了全局搜索又实现了快速收敛,最终所得的模型优于传统方法和简单进化计算方法.