自旋电子学及其器件

1988年Fert与Grunberg科研小组彼此独立地在铁/铬多层膜纳米结构中发现了高达50％的磁电阻效应,从此自旋电子学诞生了.目前,自旋电子学已经发展出磁读头、磁电隔高耦合器、磁随机存储器(MRAM)、微波探测器等器件,年产值近1000亿美元.同时,通过与其它学科的结合,半导体自旋电子学、有机自旋电子学等均成为物理研究的前沿.因此,大量中外院士与专家认为自旋电子学及器件很有可能成为世界第四次产业革命的导火索.     

自旋电子学研究

本文对自旋电子学的起源,作为自旋源的稀磁半导体的制备和自旋电子学的应用及发展前景进行了综述。详细介绍了稀磁半导体的制备及自旋电子学在器件上的应用。     

基于自旋阀结构的磁传感器的研究

自旋阀结构的发现为磁电子学以及磁传感器的研究揭开了新的一页。基于自旋阀结构的磁传感器由于具有灵敏度高、功耗小、高集成度等优点,因此在传感器工业中具有广泛的应用前景。本文介绍了基于自旋阀结构的磁传感器的研究方法。首先介绍了自旋阀结构及其特性,然后介绍了基于自旋阀结构的磁性薄膜的制备方法和结构优化,其次介绍了基于自旋阀薄膜的磁传感器芯片的制造工艺,最后介绍了基于惠斯通电桥结构的自旋阀磁传感器芯片。     

磁电子学与巨磁电阻效应的发展和应用

本文在论述磁电子学兴起的基础上,对磁电阻效应的发展历史进行了简要描述。同时,对磁电子学的理论基础进行了重点阐述,并概括了巨磁电阻效应的应用现状。     

巨磁电阻薄膜及巨磁电阻随机存储器

介绍了一种基于巨磁电阻效应的全新的磁电子学器件──巨磁电阻随机存储器。     

Al_xGa_(1-x)N/GaN异质结构中二维电子气的自旋性质

Ⅲ族氮化物材料有很长的电子自旋弛豫时间以及很高的居里温度,成为近年来半导体自旋电子学研究的重要材料体系之一。介绍了目前两种最主要的研究AlxGa1-xN/GaN异质结构中二维电子气(2DEG)自旋性质的物理效应:磁电阻的舒伯尼科夫-德哈斯拍频振荡和弱反局域效应,回顾了AlxGa1-xN/GaN异质结构中2DEG自旋性质的研究进展。AlxGa1-xN/GaN异质结构材料中有很强的极化电场,诱导产生很高浓度的2DEG,能够产生相当大能量的自旋分裂,并且这种自旋分裂可以被栅压所调控,因此在自旋场效应晶体管方面有很好的应用前景。然而要实现GaN基自旋电子学器件的应用,GaN中自旋注入效率是目前所面临的问题。     

基于自旋电子学的太赫兹波产生方法

自旋电子学的某些物理现象,如交换型磁振子、反铁磁共振、超快自旋动力学等,其特征频率刚好处于太赫兹频段。利用相应的自旋电子学现象和原理,研究人员发现和建立了若干新型的太赫兹波产生方法,为新型太赫兹源的实现和发展提供指导方向。这些新型产生方法有:a)自旋注入产生太赫兹波;b)基于反铁磁共振的太赫兹波产生;c)基于超快自旋动力学的太赫兹波产生。理论及实验结果表明,基于自旋电子学的太赫兹产生方法具有较大的潜力,有望推动太赫兹技术的发展。     

单层二硫化钼的磁光电导率研究

考虑外加磁场导致的量子化朗道能级以及邻近效应诱导产生的交换作用，采用无规相近似(Random-phase approximation,RPA)下的介电函数对单层二硫化钼(Monolayer molybdenum disulfide,ML-MoS₂)的纵向磁光电导率进行理论研究。探究了磁场、邻近效应诱导产生的交换作用等因素对纵向磁光电导率的影响。在太赫兹(Terahertz,THz)频段，可以看到由导带内电子跃迁所贡献的两个磁光吸收峰。在可见光频段，可以观察到从价带到导带电子跃迁所贡献的多个磁光吸收峰。研究结果表明，邻近效应诱导产生的交换作用和磁场强度对纵向磁光电导率有重要的影响，单层二硫化钼可应用于可见光到太赫兹频段的自旋电子学和谷电子学磁光器件。     

自旋电子学研究进展

自旋电子学是上世纪 90年代以来飞速发展起来的新兴学科。与传统的半导体电子器件相比 ,自旋电子器件具有非挥发性、低功耗和高集成度等优点。电子学、光学和磁学的融合发展更有望产生出自旋场效应晶体管、自旋发光二极管、自旋共振隧道器件、THz频率光学开关、调制器、编码器、解码器及用于量子计算、量子通信等装置的新型器件 ,从而触发一场信息技术革命。文中介绍了自旋电子学的若干最新研究进展。     

法拉第效应在光通信和探测上的应用

由于法拉第效应揭示了光和磁之间的关系,可以利用它来制作磁光器件和传感器,用于光通信系统上.叙述了法拉第效应的原理,介绍了法拉第效应的应用及几种主要的磁光器件,对法拉第效应应用前景作了展望,它将在光通信上发挥重要的作用.     

Dynamic Magnetic Properties of Ferroic Films,Multilayers, and Patterned Elements

Modification and control of material properties through careful manipulation of geometry on nano‐ and sub‐nanometer length scales is a cornerstone of modern materials science and technology. An exciting area in which these concepts have provided exceptional advances has been magnetoelectronics and nanomagnetism. Important scales in magnetic metals are conduction spin diffusion lengths and distances over which local moments correlate. Advanced techniques now allow for the creation of structures patterned on these length scales in three dimensions. The focus of this article is on magnetic structures whose dynamic properties can be strongly modified by ion bombardment and lithographic patterning. Examples are given of how microwave frequency properties can be tuned with external fields, how factors controlling magnetic switching can be controlled, and how manipulation of magnetic domain walls can be used to reveal new and surprising phenomena.     

自旋电子学研究的最新进展

自旋极化电子的高效注入、自旋霍尔效应和自旋流的产生与探测都是目前自旋电子学中热门研究专题,世界一些著名学术刊物屡见报道。对这些重要内容的理论和实验的最新研究成果进行了介绍。通过自旋极化电子高效注入方法和材料的研究,人们期望研制出新一代自旋电子器件,进而实现应用电子自旋传输、记录和存储信息的目标。近期实验给出,自旋极化电子从铁磁金属注入半导体和金属都获得较高的极化率。各种注入方法中,自旋流直接注入法目前备受关注,因为自旋霍尔效应为自旋流的产生与探测提供了新的途径,即自旋霍尔效应可以产生自旋流,但因无霍尔电压故不容易测量;而逆自旋霍尔效应又将自旋流转化为电流,使得难以测量的自旋流又可以直接用电学方法测量。     

自旋电子学和自旋电子器件

自旋电子学是近年来发展起来的微电子学和磁学的交叉学科,主要研究自旋极化电流的注入、控制和检测。本文介绍了自旋电子学和器件的研究进展,着重讨论了自旋注入和检测的问题,分析了自旋电子器件研究的核心问题和难点。自旋电子学的研究有着重要的理论意义,自旋器件在信息科学领域也具有十分广阔的应用前景。     

自旋晶体管的最新研究进展

自旋晶体管是指利用电子自旋自由度构建的在结构上类似于传统半导体晶体管的三端自旋器件。对基于自旋劈裂的磁双极型自旋晶体管、基于热电子输运的自旋晶体管和基于Rashba效应的自旋晶体管的最新研究动态进行了评述,并对其发展前景做了展望。     

半导体材料中自旋极化的光学注入与探测

综述了自旋电子学的一些新进展,重点介绍了自旋极化的光学注入、弛豫机制和光学探测等方面的内容,并涉及到与自旋有关的自旋霍尔效应(SHE)和纯自旋流等物理效应.     

Silicon‐Based Current‐Controlled Reconfigurable Magnetoresistance Logic Combined with Non‐Volatile Memory

Silicon‐based complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) transistors have achieved great success. However, the traditional development pathway is approaching its fundamental limits. Magnetoelectronics logic, especially magnetic‐field‐based logic, shows promise for surpassing the development limits of CMOS logic and arouses profound attentions. Existing proposals of magnetic‐field‐based logic are based on exotic semiconductors and difficult for further technological implementation. Here, a kind of diode‐assisted geometry‐enhanced low‐magnetic‐field magnetoresistance (MR) mechanism is proposed. It couples p‐n junction's nonlinear transport characteristic and Lorentz force by geometry, and shows extremely large low‐magnetic‐field MR (>120% at 0.15 T). Further, it is applied to experimentally demonstrate current‐controlled reconfigurable magnetoresistance logic on the silicon platform at room temperature. This logic device could perform all four basic Boolean logic including AND, OR, NAND and NOR in one device. Combined with non‐volatile magnetic memory, this logic architecture with unique magnetoelectric properties has the advantages of current‐controlled reconfiguration, zero refresh consumption, instant‐on performance and would bridge the processor‐memory gap. Our findings would pave the way in silicon‐based magnetoelectronics and offer a route to make a new kind of microprocessor with potential of high performance.     

Ab initio study of electronic structure and magnetic properties in ferromagnetic Sr1−x(Mn,Cr)xO alloys

A first-principles approach is used to study the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of Sr_1−x(Mn, Cr)_xO alloys. The investigation was done using the (FP-LAPW) scheme within the generalized gradient approximation by Wu and Cohen (GGA-WC), GGA+U and LSDA+U. At ambient conditions our calculated results of band structures reveal that for Sr_1−x(Mn, Cr)_xO (for x=0.25 and 0.75) has a half-metallic (HM) band structure profile showing 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level. Therefore, the Sr_1−x(Mn, Cr)_xO (for x=0.25 and 0.75) is a candidate material for future spintronic/magnetoelectronics applications.     

Designing cross-linked carbon nanotubes as perfect spin filter and spin valve

By applying nonequilibrium Green’s functions in combination with density-function theory, the spin-dependent transport properties of cross-linked carbon nanotube spintronic devices are investigated. Our calculations show that the perfect spin filtering effect with the almost 100% spin polarization, and the magnetoresistance effect with a magnetoresistance ratio larger than 10⁴${10}^4$% can be observed in the device. The occurrence of the perfect spin-filtering and magnetoresistance effects in the cross-linked carbon nanotube spintronic device provides the possibility for further improving the integration level of carbon nanotube networks. Moreover, the mechanisms for these interesting phenomena are suggested.     

Concepts of Spin Seebeck Effect in Ferromagnetic Metals

Spin Seebeck effect (SSE) and related spin caloritronics have attracted great interest recently. However, the definition of the SSE coefficient remains to be established, let alone a clean experiment to measure the SSE coefficient in ferromagnetic metals. The concept through a model based on the semi‐classical Botlzmann transport equation has been clarified. The model includes the vital spin‐flip process, which is frequent in metals, and points out that the length scale of SSE is much larger than the spin diffusion length. The model reveals how the spin‐flip process influences the transport equations and provides the simple relationship between the different spin‐flip relaxation times for spin‐up and ‐down electrons, which is very useful to understand the spin transport properties. This understanding allows to redefine the expression of the spin Seebeck coefficient.