基于PCA-DEA的乙烯装置能效分析

由于影响乙烯装置能耗的因素较多, 有必要采用相关分析筛选与乙烯装置能效相关的因素, 以确保分析的全面性与有效性。数据包络分析(DEA)作为一种非参数的效率优化分析, 适用于多输入多输出系统的特点能够综合考虑乙烯能效评估中的多因素影响。输入输出指标过多或存在不当指标, 则会导致DEA分辨率过低, 需要对输入输出指标降维。为此, 提出采用主元分析(PCA)降维的PCA-DEA法, 并将该PCA-DEA法应用于某乙烯装置以2001～2010年的月实际生产数据为依据的能效分析中, 得到比单纯选用主要指标的DEA算法和未采取PCA降维的DEA算法更好的能效分析结果。通过与单位综合能耗(SEC)对比, 验证了PCA-DEA方法的有效性, 为乙烯装置能效分析的准确性提供了更为实用的方法。     

Texaco煤气化工艺技术指标与经济效益评价系统的设计

在分析Texaco煤气化工艺流程的基础上，运用物料衡算、热量衡算方法。获得了Texaco煤气化工艺的破转化率、冷煤气效率、比煤耗、比氧耗等指标的计算方法。并采用VB 6．0、Access 7．0等开发工具，开发了Texaco煤气化工艺技术经济指标评价系统。该系统支持多用户、多数据库、多报表、多权限，界面友好，操作简单，具有良好的应用前景。     

太阳能有机朗肯-闪蒸循环工质选择

近年来,太阳能低温热发电技术作为可再生能源领域的研究热点受到越来越多的关注。文章针对太阳能平板集热器驱动的有机朗肯-闪蒸循环（solar binary-flashing cycle,SBFC）,基于EES（engineering equation solver）软件建立数学模型,分析了7种制冷剂包括R601、R601a、R1233zd（E）、R600、R1234ze（Z）、R600a和R1234ze作为循环工质在SBFC系统中的应用潜力,并在系统净输出功最大的工况下,研究了集热器出口热水温度（80～100℃）对SBFC系统热力性能的影响规律。选用的性能指标参数有净输出功、热效率、第二定律效率、不可逆损失、换热器热导（UA,总传热系数与传热面积的乘积）和单位太阳能集热器面积净输出功。结果表明,在所研究的工况范围内,随着集热器出口热水温度的增大,SBFC系统的热力性能得到显著的提高,且工质的标准沸点温度越高,SBFC热力性能越好,其中R601具有较高的净输出功、热效率和第二定律效率,并且系统的不可逆损失较小,是一较理想的SBFC系统循环工质。     

Enabling Technologies in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Automated Glycan Assembly,Flow Chemistry and Data Science

The synthesis of defined oligosaccharides is a complex task. Several enabling technologies have been introduced in the last two decades to facilitate synthetic access to these valuable biomolecules. In this concept, we describe the technological solutions that have advanced glycochemistry using automated glycan assembly, flow chemistry and data science as examples. We highlight how the synergies between these different technologies can further advance the field, with progress toward the realization of a self-driving lab for glycan synthesis.     

玻璃生产企业设备成本与设备更新的探讨

随着新工艺、新技术、新机具、新材料的不断涌现,玻璃工业企业在很大程度上实现了机械化,机械设备已成为企业生产力不可缺少的重要组成部分.因此,玻璃企业都存在着如何使企业的技术结构合理化,如何提高机械设备的使用率、机械效率和减少机械设备的运行成本等重要指标,这就要从机械设备的磨损类型及其补偿方式等方面作进一步的分析研究.     

Combining Cortical Voltage Imaging and Hippocampal Electrophysiology for Investigating Global,Multi-Timescale Activity Interactions in the Brain

A new generation of optogenetic tools for analyzing neural activity has been contributing to the elucidation of classical open questions in neuroscience. Specifically, voltage imaging technologies using enhanced genetically encoded voltage indicators have been increasingly used to observe the dynamics of large circuits at the mesoscale. Here, we describe how to combine cortical wide-field voltage imaging with hippocampal electrophysiology in awake, behaving mice. Furthermore, we highlight how this method can be useful for different possible investigations, using the characterization of hippocampal–neocortical interactions as a case study.     

Analysis of combustion efficiency in CFB coal combustors

Fluidized bed technology is well known for its high combustion efficiency and is widely used in coal combustion. In this study, the combustor efficiency has been defined and investigated for CFB coal combustor based on the losses using a dynamic 2D model. The model is shown to agree well with the published data. The effect of operating parameters such as excess air ratio, bed operational velocity, coal particle diameter and combustor load and the effect of design variables such as bed height and bed diameter on the mean bed temperature, the overall CO emission and the combustion efficiency are analyzed for the small-scale of CFBC in the presently developed model. As a result of this analysis, it is observed that the combustion efficiency decreases with increasing excess air value. The combustion efficiency increases with the bed operational velocity. Increasing coal particle size results in higher combustion efficiency values. The coal feed rate has negative effect on the combustion efficiency. The combustor efficiency considerably increases with increasing combustor height and diameter if other parameters are kept unchanged.     

热电联产机组热电解耦技术对比分析

增加热电联产机组运行的灵活性可以提高可再生能源利用率,减小“弃风”和“弃光”率,然而对于灵活性改造技术的对比分析研究相对较少。本文基于Ebsilon建立了600MW案例机组的热力学模型,采用Matlab调用模拟数据构建了该机组的能耗模型。基于此模型对比分析了热泵、电锅炉、蓄热罐及采用汽轮机本体改造等热电解耦技术对机组供热可行域及可行域内机组热力性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,采用热电解耦技术可以扩大机组的供热可行域,当机组热负荷为500MW时,采用热电解耦技术后,机组最小调峰能力由大到小排列为：电锅炉>低压缸光轴运行>低压缸零出力>压缩式热泵>蓄热罐。但电锅炉的能量利用率与?效率在所有热电解耦技术中最低。综合对比分析,在热电联产机组中采用压缩式热泵或热泵与蓄热罐耦合运行是一种节能的热电解耦方式。     

Exergetic analysis of atomization process of liquid

The exergy balance equation for liquid atomization is discussed and exergetic efficiency of atomization is defined. On the basis of data taken from the literature some calculations of this efficiency have been carried out for the most widespread cases of atomization, i.e., for pressure and pneumatic atomization. The efficiency is low and does not exceed 1%. Some recommendations about how to carry out the full analysis of all items of the exergetic balance have been made. The results of such an analysis would give some indication of possible improvements in atomizer design and operating parameters.     

点源有机毒物污(废)水排放的生态风险管理技术分析

我国目前普遍采用COD、BOD等宏观污染控制指标监控点源污染,缺乏针对污(废)水中痕量有毒物质尤其是有机毒物实施有效的管理与控制。基于此,在评述了全废水试验(WET)、毒性鉴别评价(TIE)和毒性削减评价(TRE)3种宏观分析技术在美国、英国等国家生态风险评价与管理中的研究历史及发展近况的基础上,简要分析了一些发达国家应用(Q)SAR数学模型和分子生态毒理学两种微观评估方法对有机毒物实施有效控制的情况,建议我国应该加强面向点源有机毒物污(废)水排放的生态风险管理的技术与政策研究。     

基于回收理念的生物质燃气焦油脱除研究进展

生物质气化是重要的可再生能源方式。焦油是生物质气化过程大规模工业化的主要障碍之一。为了提高生物质燃气用于内燃机和燃气轮机发电以及甲醇合成的效率,燃气中的焦油必须深度脱除至低于20 mg/m3。本文简述了焦油污染和堵塞燃气下游设备的危害,介绍了焦油的特征和分类,分析了基于回收过程的焦油脱除方法优势,评述了回收法焦油脱除的研究进展,阐述了水洗和油洗回收脱焦的典型应用实例。指出了以油洗回收法为基础,将焦油和微孔材料的孔径进行匹配,高集成度的吸附和膜分离多级耦合焦油深度脱除工艺,将成为脱除生物质燃气焦油的主要发展方向。     

共轭双烯聚合物选择性加氢反应器技术进展

对以橡胶、弹性体为代表的含共轭双烯聚合物进行烯属双键的选择性加氢,可显著提高聚合物的稳定性;加氢反应器和反应工艺是制约加氢度和产率的关键技术之一。该文综述了目前共轭双烯聚合物选择性加氢反应器的技术进展,包括以机械搅拌反应器、鼓泡反应器、外循环反应器为代表的全混流型反应器;以填料塔和静态混合管式反应器为代表的平推流型反应器;以及各种反应器的组合技术、特殊操作方式。结合加氢体系的流体力学特征和反应动力学特征,分析了制约加氢度和产率的关键问题,总结了进一步提高加氢度和产率、降低能耗物耗的潜在途径。     

Integrated fuel processors for fuel cell application: A review

This report documents the key technological progress made over last two decades in the field of development of integrated fuel processor for hydrogen generation. Studies on process optimization based on numerical simulation/calculation, mass and energy management, parametric adjustment have been reported. A number of these studies discuss the application of reforming process assisted by other technologies such as pressure swing adsorption and membrane separation to enhance the hydrogen productivity and/or purity. However, for such systems the extent of integration among and between components remains limited. Accordingly, the net efficiency is compromised due to the mass/heat transfer rate and reaction dynamics either in the individual units or the complete system. Process intensification technologies such as engineered catalysts, on-site heat production/removal and product purification can not only allow precise control of reaction and heat/mass transfer rates, but also help optimize the operation conditions, and, consequently, improve overall efficiency and mitigate the requirement for materials and capital investment. It seems that micro-scale technologies, possessing the typical characteristics of process intensification technologies, have potential for making the integrated fuel processor into practice.     

Base case process development for energy efficiency improvement, application to a Kraft pulping mill. Part II: Benchmarking analysis

A new procedure for benchmarking analysis has been developed to evaluate the energy efficiency of a chemical process. Benchmarking is performed to identify process inefficiencies before developing energy enhancement measures. The new procedure combines typical techniques, such as the comparison with current practice, with utilization of new performance indicators based on exergy and energy content and the targeting by Pinch Analysis and Water Pinch. All process sections and the steam and water utility systems are evaluated. The procedure consists of five phases. In the first phase the data required is compiled. The second phase consists of comparing the energy and water efficiency of the base case to the current practice of the industry. In the third phase, the new energy and exergy content indicators are used to analyze the efficiency of utilities systems and to quantify the heat rejected by the process. In the fourth phase the minimum energy and water requirements are determined. The last phase is a synthesis by which the inefficiencies are identified and guidelines established for process improvement. Interactions between the utilities systems and the process are developed. The procedure has been applied to an operating Kraft pulping mill in Eastern Canada.     

Energy efficiency of complex technologies of phosphogypsum conversion

The paper describes the feasibility of increasing the energy efficiency of the technologies of the comprehensive phosphogypsum conversion. The main directions in obtaining target products are reported. The classification of the phosphogypsum conversion technologies based on the level of energy consumption is suggested. The main variants of the development of energy-saving technologies of phosphogypsum conversion using the methods of integrating thermal processes and the state-of-the-art heat-power equipment are proposed.     

水合物法分离混合物技术研究进展

综述了水合物生成法在溶液浓缩和混合气分离两大领域的研究进展。分析表明,水合物法在海水淡化、生物工程、油样分离等溶液分离过程均表现出了一定的应用价值,但仍存在浓缩液夹带、分离效率较低或分离压力高等问题而未能实现工业化应用。针对混合气的分离,与单独水合分离过程相比,包含有水合物生成的吸收-水合和吸附-水合双机制耦合分离技术表现出了气体处理量大、分离效率高、或可实现连续气体分离等优势。但与它们相关的一些基础性问题如水合物浆液的实际流动特性、水合物晶粒与多孔介质之间的作用关系等,需要进一步的研究或确认。在此基础上,对这些分离过程的继续研究给出了参考意见：溶液浓缩分离过程可着眼于开发更有效的水合物生成促进剂或耦合其他分离技术等;混合气分离方面可以在寻找更有效的水合物生成促进剂、明确采用乳液体系分离所得水合物浆液的实际流动特性、揭示采用含水多孔介质分离所得不同相之间的作用机制等方面展开。     

煤制合成天然气过程经济性分析

煤制合成天然气与其他煤化工技术(煤制油,煤制烯烃等)相比具有流程短、能量利用效率高、水耗相对较少、投资相对较少等特点,已呈现大规模工业化的趋势。基于鲁奇煤气化工艺及自制的甲烷化催化剂,以锡林浩特煤为原料,年产10×108 m3(标准)天然气项目为目标,对煤制合成天然气过程进行经济性分析。     

Investigation of sol-gel derived nanomaterials with a hierarchical structure

The basic processes of self-assembly in sol-gel technologies during the formation of network nanomaterials with a hierarchical structure have been considered. The gas-sensitive fractal structures have been prepared in systems based on dioxides of tin and silicon. The formation of a structure of nanocomposites has been studied using atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy methods. The gas-sensitive properties of nanomaterials have been investigated. A method for diagnosing objects with a hierarchical structure based on metal oxides has been proposed.     

丙烯腈生产废水处理技术研究进展

介绍了丙烯腈生产废水的特点及丙烯腈生产废水处理方法的最新研究进展,针对现有技术的局限,探讨了该领域的未来的研究重点和方向.     

SELECTION OF SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR EXTRACTING QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF PASTE QUALITY FROM EXTRUSION PRESSURE DATA

Signal processing techniques have been developed for extracting quantitative indicators of the performance of extruders processing soft-solid pastes from the data recorded by pressure transducers located near the extrusion die. Such techniques have been applied previously to isothermal ram and screw devices using retrospective methods. This article reports on the scope for application of retrospective algorithms, ideally suited to ram extrusion, to continuous systems. Novel Bayesian methods for the detection of outliers were found to be unsuitable for real-time analysis, prompting the development of a gradient-based algorithm. A number of fractal analysis techniques for quantifying the paste homogeneity were assessed and proved to be less robust than indicators based on coefficient of variance. Periodic variations related to acute, circumferential fracture were readily identified by a Bayesian model-based approach. Application to practical systems is illustrated by tests on several different paste materials following theoretical investigations on numerically generated data.