牛至油、香芹酚、柠檬醛和肉桂醛的抗氧化性能研究

采用DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)法、BCB(β-胡萝卜素漂白)法和TBARS(硫代巴比妥酸)法对牛至油、香芹酚、柠檬醛和肉桂醛的抗氧化性能进行研究.结果表明,BHT、牛至油、香芹酚、柠檬醛和肉桂醛的DPPH自由基清除反应速度很快,清除能力随其浓度升高而显著增强,并逐渐趋于稳定,其IC50分别为1.2、4.3、3.7、7.2、3.1g/L;采用BCB法测定抗氧化性能时,BHT、牛至油、香芹酚和肉桂醛均表现出优良的抗氧化性能,并且随着浓度的增大,抗氧化性能增强,其IC50分别为0.1、2.2、3.4、1.9g/L;采用TBARS法测定抗氧化性能时,BHT、牛至油、香芹酚、柠檬醛和肉桂醛也表现出较好的抗氧化性能,并且其抗氧化指数随其浓度的增加而提高.由此可知,牛至油、香芹酚和肉桂醛可以作为天然抗氧化剂应用于食品加工中.     

壳聚糖、溶菌酶和牛至油对大豆分离蛋白膜抑菌效果的影响

采用双倍稀释法研究壳聚糖、溶菌酶和牛至油对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度。采用抑菌圈法研究添加天然抑菌剂壳聚糖、溶菌酶和牛至油的大豆分离蛋白膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、酿酒酵母和黑曲霉的抑菌效果。结果表明,添加壳聚糖、溶菌酶和牛至油的大豆分离蛋白膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、酿酒酵母和黑曲霉均有抑制作用。对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制效果为:牛至油>壳聚糖>溶菌酶。对酿酒酵母的抑制效果为:壳聚糖>牛至油>溶菌酶;对黑曲霉的抑制效果为:牛至油>壳聚糖>溶菌酶。因此,添加壳聚糖、溶菌酶和牛至油的大豆分离蛋白膜具有较好的抑菌效果和应用前景。     

肉桂醛及其复配单离香料对食品有害微生物的抑制作用研究

通过抑菌圈法测试肉桂醛、百里香酚、香芹酚、丁香酚、茴香脑和柠檬醛对几种常见有害微生物的抑菌敏感性。同时采用直接接触法测定最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度,研究这六种单离香料及复合单离香料对常见的食品腐败菌及致病菌的抗菌能力,并与常见防腐剂进行对比。研究结果表明：相对于细菌而言,肉桂醛对真菌抑菌能力更强,尤其对黄曲霉的抑菌效果最好;不同供试菌对不同单离香料的敏感度不同,其中大肠杆菌对所选单离香料的敏感度最低;百里香酚的综合抗菌能力最好,肉桂醛和香芹酚次之;但在试验浓度范围内,仅肉桂醛能将枯草芽孢杆菌杀死;复配精油对所有的供试菌（除了金黄色葡萄球菌）杀菌效果都有明显的提高,不同配比的复配精油对不同菌种的抗菌效果有所不同,肉桂醛-百里香酚复配精油对7种供试菌表现出了相加作用或者无关;复配精油的抗菌效果远强于苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾这两种食品防腐剂。     

茶多酚、柠檬醛和肉桂醛对食源菌生物被膜的影响研究

研究茶多酚、柠檬醛、肉桂醛在亚抑菌浓度下对食源性金黄色葡萄球菌和肠炎沙门氏菌生物被膜形成能力的影响.采用二倍稀释法确定三种物质的最小抑菌浓度,在亚抑菌浓度下作用于10株金黄色葡萄球菌和10株肠炎沙门氏菌,用微孔板法检测两种细菌生物被膜形成情况.结果表明茶多酚、柠檬醛、肉桂醛在亚抑菌浓度下对金黄色葡萄球菌和肠炎沙门氏菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且随着各物质浓度的加大抑制作用也增强,茶多酚对革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌成膜抑制能力比对革兰氏阴性菌肠炎沙门氏菌的成膜抑制能力要强,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).柠檬醛和肉桂醛对两种不同细菌的成膜抑制能力没有差异.     

复配精油对采后葡萄灰霉菌抑制作用的研究

以葡萄灰霉菌为病原菌,采用菌丝生长速率法研究3种复配植物精油(肉桂醛/柠檬醛、肉桂醛/丁香酚和柠檬醛/丁香酚)的协同抑菌效果,通过测定细胞溶出物的释放量和细胞膜渗透性,对其协同抑菌作用机理进行初步分析。结果表明:不同复配植物精油处理对采后葡萄灰霉菌的抑制活性显著(p<0.05),使细胞溶出物释放量和细胞膜渗透性显著增加(p<0.05)。以500μL/L肉桂醛/柠檬醛协同抑制效果最明显,在培养过程中肉桂醛/柠檬醛的EC50值为67.46~101.31μL/L,抑菌效果最稳定,抑菌率达93.75%;肉桂醛/柠檬醛协同抑菌作用可能在于破坏灰霉菌的细胞膜,使内溶物和离子外流而导致细胞的死亡。     

三种食品添加剂抑制菌体生物被膜形成

为探索有效手段清除生物被膜,作者采用二倍稀释法研究茶多酚、柠檬醛、肉桂醛对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌以及大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度。并在亚致死浓度下,利用微孔板法研究此3种天然产物抑制3种细菌及其混合菌的生物被膜形成以及群体感应信号分子AI-2的情况。结果表明,在亚抑菌浓度下,茶多酚对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜抑制效果最好,肉桂醛对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的生物被膜抑制效果最好,而柠檬醛对所有细菌及其混合菌AI-2活力都具有抑制效果。     

肉桂醛对芒果胶孢炭疽病的抑制作用及其涂膜应用

目的:为抑制芒果胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz,C.gloeosporioides)的生长,进而延长芒果的货架期。方法:通过菌丝生长抑制率法,评价肉桂醛、丁香酚、柠檬醛、香芹酮、香叶醇、己醛6种植物源精油对C.gloeosporioides的半数抑制浓度(median effective concentration,EC₅₀)和最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibit concentration,MIC);测定肉桂醛对C.gloeosporioides细胞内生理生化指标变化的影响,探究抑菌机理;分析肉桂醛-果蜡混合液涂膜于芒果后的品质变化,评价肉桂醛的实际保鲜效果。结果:肉桂醛对C.gloeosporioides的EC₅₀和MIC分别为0.234、0.4 μL/mL,为最佳抑菌精油;与菌丝接触后,可快速导致细胞外核酸,电导率、pH、丙二醛和麦角固醇等含量上升(P<0.05),细胞膜完整性下降;肉桂醛-果蜡混合液涂膜于芒果后可以明显降低果实腐败率(P<0.05),且对可溶性固形物、硬度、可滴定酸等影响不显著(P>0.05)。结论:肉桂醛对C.gloeosporioides有较强的抑制效果,其抑制机理是通过影响细胞膜的通透性和完整性,进而导致细胞死亡,与果蜡结合,可以明显延长芒果货架期一倍以上,且基本不影响芒果品质,有潜在广泛的应用前景。     

江香薷活性成分香芹酚对指状青霉的抑菌作用

以指状青霉菌(Penicillium digitatum)为供试菌,研究江香薷活性成分香芹酚的抑菌活性及其抑菌机理。本文采用二倍稀释法测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC),以此评价香芹酚对指状青霉菌的抑菌效果;并通过研究香芹酚对指状青霉的菌丝形态变化、孢子萌发率、细胞膜渗透性和菌体内可溶性糖含量,阐述香芹酚对指状青霉菌的抑菌机理。结果表明:香芹酚对指状青霉菌的MIC、MFC分别为0.125 mg/mL和0.25 mg/mL;经不同浓度香芹酚处理后的指状青霉,菌丝形态发生明显改变,孢子萌发率显著降低,细胞膜渗透性增强,菌体内可溶性糖含量降低。说明香芹酚能有效抑制指状青霉菌的孢子萌发,破坏细胞膜结构完整性,内含物外渗,降低营养物质含量,影响病原菌正常生长发育,从而发挥抑菌效果。     

茶树油、丁香酚和柠檬醛对荔枝黑曲霉的抑制作用

研究茶树油、丁香酚和柠檬醛的挥发性香氛对荔枝致腐真菌黑曲霉的抑制作用,采用复配方法探究3种香料对黑曲霉的协同抑菌性。结果表明：丁香酚和柠檬醛的挥发性香氛对黑曲霉有较强的抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度分别为0.3μL/cm3和0.4μL/cm3;茶树油挥发性香氛抑制黑曲霉的作用稍差,但与丁香酚和柠檬醛复配后协同抑菌作用增强。     

肉桂精油复配香芹酚和百里香酚对食用畜禽有害微生物熏蒸的抗菌活性

通过测定抑菌圈直径确定肉桂精油及单离香料香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物的敏感性,同时采用气相熏蒸法测定最低抑菌浓度（Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（Minimum Bacterial Concentration,MBC）。结果表明：肉桂精油及香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物都具有一定的抑杀能力。肉桂精油对黑曲霉的抗菌效果优于百里香酚和香芹酚,肉桂精油对黑曲霉的MIC和MBC为62.5 μL/L,而百里香酚和香芹酚的MIC和MBC均为125 μL/L;将肉桂精油与香芹酚进行复配,复配精油对白色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉均表现出相加作用（FICI≤1）,而对白色念珠菌则表现为无关作用。通过GC-MS分析,肉桂精油的主要挥发性化学成分中相对含量较高的为肉桂醛（78.19%）、2-甲氧基肉桂醛（8.70%）。采用电子鼻分析溶剂稀释后对复配精油抑菌活性的影响,抑菌能力大小为：丙二醇稀释≈无水乙醇稀释＞未稀释＞甘油稀释＞食用油稀释。实验表明：香芹酚与肉桂精油复配可以提高肉桂精油的抗菌活性,溶剂挥发性的差异会对复配精油的抑菌活性造成不同影响,稀释复配精油时溶剂的较优选择为丙二醇。     

Antimicrobial Wine Formulations Active Against the Foodborne Pathogens Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella enterica

ABSTRACT:  We developed wine formulations containing plant essential oils and oil compounds effective against foodborne pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. HPLC was used to determine maximum solubility of antimicrobials in wines as well as amounts of antimicrobials extracted by wines from commercial oregano and thyme leaves. Activity of essential oils (cinnamon, lemongrass, oregano, and thyme) and oil compounds (carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, citral, and thymol) in wines were evaluated in terms of the percentage of the sample that resulted in a 50% decrease in the number of bacteria (BA₅₀). The ranges of activities in wines (30 min BA₅₀ values) against S. enterica/E. coli were carvacrol, 0.0059 to 0.010/0.011 to 0.021; oregano oils, 0.0079 to 0.014/0.022 to 0.031; cinnamaldehyde, 0.030 to 0.051/0.098 to 0.13; citral, 0.033 to 0.038/0.060 to 0.070; lemongrass oil, 0.053 to 0.066/0.059 to 0.071; cinnamon oil 0.038 to 0.057/0.066 to 0.098; thymol, 0.0086 to 0.010/0.016 to 0.022; and thyme oil, 0.0097 to 0.011/0.033 to 0.039. Detailed studies with carvacrol, the main component of oregano oil, showed that antibacterial activity was greater against S. enterica than against E. coli and that wine formulations exhibited high activities at low concentrations of added antimicrobials. The results suggest that wines containing essential oils/oil compounds, added or extracted from oregano or thyme leaves, could be used to reduce pathogens in food and other environments.     

Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni,Escherichia coli,Listeria monocytogenes,and Salmonella enterica

An improved method of sample preparation was used in a microplate assay to evaluate the bactericidal activity levels of 96 essential oils and 23 oil compounds against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica obtained from food and clinical sources. Bactericidal activity (BA50) was defined as the percentage of the sample in the assay mixture that resulted in a 50% decrease in CFU relative to a buffer control. Twenty-seven oils and 12 compounds were active against all four species of bacteria. The oils that were most active against C. jejuni (with BA50 values ranging from 0.003 to 0.009) were marigold, ginger root, jasmine, patchouli, gardenia, cedarwood, carrot seed, celery seed, mugwort, spikenard, and orange bitter oils; those that were most active against E. coli (with BA50 values ranging from 0.046 to 0.14) were oregano, thyme, cinnamon, palmarosa, bay leaf, clove bud, lemon grass, and allspice oils; those that were most active against L monocytogenes (with BA50 values ranging from 0.057 to 0.092) were gardenia, cedarwood, bay leaf, clove bud, oregano, cinnamon, allspice, thyme, and patchouli oils; and those that were most active against S. enterica (with BA50 values ranging from 0.045 to 0.14) were thyme, oregano, cinnamon, clove bud, allspice, bay leaf, palmarosa, and marjoram oils. The oil compounds that were most active against C. jejuni (with BA50 values ranging from 0.003 to 0.034) were cinnamaldehyde, estragole, carvacrol, benzaldehyde, citral, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, carvone R, and geranyl acetate; those that were most active against E. coli (with BA50 values ranging from 0.057 to 0.28) were carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, citral, perillaldehyde, and estragole; those that were most active against L monocytogenes (with BA50 values ranging from 0.019 to 0.43) were cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, citral, geraniol, perillaldehyde, carvone S, estragole, and salicylaldehyde; and those that were most active against S. enterica (with BA50 values ranging from 0.034 to 0.21) were thymol, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, terpineol, perillaldehyde, and estragole. The possible significance of these results with regard to food microbiology is discussed.     

Inhibition of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii by plant oil aromatics

The inhibitory effect of some plant oil aromatics against three strains of Arcobacter butzleri, two strains of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and one strain of Arcobacter skirrowii was evaluated. When MICs were determined using the broth macrodilution method, cinnamaldehyde was most inhibitory followed by thymol, carvacrol, caffeic acid, tannic acid, and eugenol (P < 0.001). Sublethal concentrations of the three most potent plant oil aromatics also were examined. Overall, cinnamaldehyde was the most bacteriostatic against all arcobacters tested except A. butzleri when these strains were exposed to the MIC25 of this aromatic aldehyde. The bacteriostatic activities of thymol and carvacrol were concentration and species dependent.     

复配精油对粮油中霉菌防治的增效作用及机理研究

开发新型天然防霉剂控制粮食霉变是保障粮食质量安全的重要途径之一。为研究复配植物精油对粮油储藏过程中常见霉菌赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochrator)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)的防霉效果,挑选活性较强的植物精油进行复配并对联合防霉效果进行评价。通过复配植物精油对霉菌孢子萌发、菌丝干重和细胞完整性的影响,对其防霉机理进行初步探究。结果显示,牛至精油对赭曲霉和黑曲霉的防霉效果最好,抑菌圈直径分别为（27.83±0.58 ）、（15.33±0.29）mm,肉桂醛对黄曲霉的防霉效果最好,抑菌圈直径为（18.50±0.87 ）mm;山苍子精油与牛至精油、肉桂醛与牛至精油复配体积比为2：8时对3种霉菌的防霉效果较优;通过对部分抑菌浓度指数判读,两组植物精油复配对黑曲霉和赭曲霉的防治效果为协同作用,对黄曲霉的防治效果为相加作用;山苍子精油与牛至精油按体积比2：8复配可抑制霉菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长、破坏细胞的完整性、改变孢子和菌丝结构;山苍子精油和牛至精油按体积比2：8复配施用于含黄曲霉的玉米上,可有效降低玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1和赭曲霉毒素的含量。本研究为山苍子精油与牛至精油复配作为防霉剂提供理论支持。     

50种植物源化合物对阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌的抑菌活性评价

阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌（Cronobacter sakazkaii）是一种食源性条件致病菌,它能够引起菌血症、坏死性小肠 结肠炎和新生儿脑膜炎等多种疾病。本研究选取50 种植物源化合物,检测其在含C. sakazkaii培养基中抑菌圈直径 及最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）,旨在评价植物源化合物对C. sakazakii的抑菌作用并筛 查优选高效抑菌剂。结果表明：使C. sakazakii ATCC 29544培养基产生可见抑菌圈的植物源化合物有40 种,其中 7 种（香芹酚、百里醌、百里酚、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、原儿茶醛和原儿茶酸）的抑菌圈平均直径不小于13 mm;在本 研究选取的50 种植物源化合物中,百里酚和香芹酚对C. sakazakii有着最强的抑制作用,对9 株C. sakazkaii的MIC均 为0.1～0.2 mg/mL;百里醌、肉桂醛、柠檬醛和原儿茶醛对C. sakazkaii有良好的抑菌效果,对C. sakazkaii的MIC为 0.30～1.25 mg/mL;阿魏酸、绿原酸、丁香酸、硫辛酸、原儿茶酸、表儿茶素、咖啡酸、丹皮酚和菊苣酸的MIC为 2.50～5.00 mg/mL。以上结果表明,部分植物源化合物对C. sakazakii有良好的抑菌作用,有潜力作为天然抑菌剂应 用于食品加工、流通、贮藏过程中,从而发挥其控制C. sakazakii的作用。     

Plant-derived compounds inactivate antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni strains

Sixty-three Campylobacter jejuni isolates were screened for their resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin, cefaclor, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Based on this screen, the resistant strains D28a and H2a and the nonresistant strain A24a were selected for evaluation of their resistance and susceptibility to inactivation by cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol, the main constituents of plant-derived cinnamon and oregano oils, respectively. Different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% [vol/vol] in sterile phosphate-buffered saline) of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol were added to C. jejuni cultures with initial populations of 10(4) CFU/ml. The samples were then mixed thoroughly and incubated at 37 degrees C. Viable bacterial populations were enumerated at incubation periods of 0, 30, 60, and 120 min. The results indicate that the extent of inhibition of microbial survival was related to both the nature and concentration of antimicrobials and the incubation time. Both cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol exhibited rapid antimicrobial activity against both antibiotic-resistant and non-resistant C. jejuni strains, at concentrations of approximately 0.1% and higher. The antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamaldehyde was greater than that of carvacrol. The possible significance of the results for microbiological food safety is discussed.     

Evaluation of Combined Antibacterial Effects of Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde, Thymol, and Carvacrol against E. coli with an Improved Method

ABSTRACT:  In this study, the antibacterial activities of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, and their combinations against  E. coli  were investigated separately. First, broth macro-dilution assay was adopted to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the 4 components. Second, the combination testing was performed using chequerboard method. Finally, the combined effects were evaluated with an improved method, which was based on the indices of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) and Effect of the Combination (EC) jointly. The results indicated that MICs of the 4 components were 1600, 400, 400, and 400 mg/L, respectively; treatments with cinnamaldehyde/eugenol, thymol/eugenol, carvacrol/eugenol, and thymol/carvacrol revealed synergistic effects according to the 2 indices. By means of combination, MICs of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol decreased to 400, 100, 100, and 100 mg/L, respectively. Consequently, the negative impacts of unpleasant smell of these 4 components could be minimized, making it possible to add them to foods as preservatives. In addition, this improved evaluation method provided a more accurate and comprehensive way to evaluate combined effects.     

Antibacterial activities of naturally occurring compounds against antibiotic-resistant Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus

After demonstrating the lack of effectiveness of standard antibiotics against the acquired antibiotic resistance of Bacillus cereus (NCTC 10989), Escherichia coli (NCTC 1186), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12715), we showed that the following natural substances were antibacterial against these resistant pathogens: cinnamon oil, oregano oil, thyme oil, carvacrol, (S)-perillaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (beta-resorcylic acid), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (dopamine). Exposure of the three pathogens to a dilution series of the test compounds showed that oregano oil was the most active substance. The oils and pure compounds exhibited exceptional activity against B. cereus vegetative cells, with oregano oil being active at nanogram per milliliter levels. In contrast, activities against B. cereus spores were very low. Activities of the test compounds were in the following approximate order: oregano oil > thyme oil approximately carvacrol > cinnamon oil > perillaldehyde > dopamine > beta-resorcylic acid. The order of susceptibilities of the pathogens to inactivation was as follows: B. cereus (vegetative) > S. aureus approximately E. coli > B. cereus (spores). Some of the test substances may be effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria in foods and feeds.