黄米淀粉的制备及流变学特性的研究

淀粉的流变学特性是影响工业化淀粉质食品品质的重要因素.本文通过碱法优化提取工艺制备了黄米淀粉产品,分析了黄米淀粉的基本理化指标,并利用Brabender糊化仪和Brookfield旋转黏度仪研究了黄米淀粉的糊化特性、流变特性以及机械剪切触变性能,为黄米淀粉在食品工业的应用提供理论依据.结果表明:黄米淀粉中蛋白质残留量为0.232%,淀粉纯度为88.98%,淀粉得率为58.6%,直链淀粉含量为18.28%,起糊温度为73.9℃;峰值黏度为702BU;与马铃薯淀粉、大米淀粉及玉米淀粉相比,黄米淀粉糊具有较强的黏度冷稳定性以及较弱的凝胶性和凝沉性;黄米淀粉糊属于非牛顿型、假塑性、剪切稀化的触变性流体;在同一剪切速率下,表观粘度随温度的增加而降低;在同一温度下,淀粉糊的表观粘度随剪切速率的增加而减小.     

氧化蜡质玉米淀粉的糊流变特性研究

探讨了氧化蜡质玉米淀粉糊流变性、抗剪切能力以及浓度、温度和剪切速率对表观黏度的影响,并与蜡质玉米淀粉糊进行比较.结果表明:氧化蜡质玉米淀粉糊属于非牛顿流体.浓度、温度、剪切速率对流变性均有影响:在同一浓度和剪切速率下,表观黏度随温度的增加而减小;在同一温度和浓度条件下,淀粉糊的表现黏度随剪切速率的增加而减小;在室温、相同剪切速率下,表现黏度随浓度的增加而增大.氧化蜡质玉米淀粉糊属于剪切稀化体系,抗剪切能力较强.     

脚板薯淀粉的发酵法制备及其淀粉糊流变特性研究

采用发酵法制备脚板薯淀粉,分析了其淀粉颗粒粒度、淀粉糊透明度及凝沉性等理化性质,并对淀粉质量浓度、糊化pH、温度、不同介质及其浓度对淀粉糊流变特性的影响进行了分析。结果表明:脚板薯淀粉得率为15.2%,纯度为97.6%;淀粉平均粒度为18291.5nm,淀粉糊透光率为27.92%,其凝沉时间短;淀粉糊黏度随着淀粉浓度的增加而增加,随着糊化温度的增加而减小;在酸性条件下,淀粉糊黏度随着糊化pH增加而减小,pH到达8时,黏度达最大值,后随碱性的增强淀粉糊黏度下降。加入食盐、氯化钙和蔗糖均可提高淀粉糊的黏度,且在相同的剪切速率下,淀粉糊黏度随着蔗糖添加量的增大而增大。     

微波对马铃薯淀粉特性影响的研究

采用DM2500P偏光显微镜、NDJ-5S黏度仪、RVA研究微波处理对马铃薯淀粉的特性的影响。结果表明:原淀粉颗粒呈椭圆形,而微波作用后的淀粉的颗粒结构被破坏,外形为不规则颗粒、纤维状;马铃薯原淀粉糊和微波淀粉的表观黏度随剪切速率的增大而降低,呈剪切稀化现象;微波淀粉的剪切应力和剪切速率的变化呈正相关;马铃薯原淀粉的糊化温度为64.5℃,峰值黏度是11491cp,保持黏度为3105cp,最终黏度是3653cp;微波马铃薯淀粉的RVA糊化黏度曲线中未出现明显的峰值黏度,微波淀粉保持黏度为232.00cp,最终黏度是578.00cp。     

西米淀粉糊流变特性研究

利用Brookfield旋转粘度计研究西米淀粉糊流变性、抗剪切能力、触变性以及温度、浓度和剪切速率对表观粘度的影响,为西米淀粉在食品行业的应用提供理论上的依据。结果表明:西米淀粉糊属于非牛顿流体。温度、浓度、剪切速率对流变性质均有影响,在同一浓度和剪切速率下,表观粘度随温度的增加而减小;在同一温度和剪切速率下,表观粘度随浓度的增加而增加;在同一温度和浓度条件下,淀粉糊的表观粘度随剪切速率的增加而减小。西米淀粉糊属于剪切稀化体系,抗剪切能力优于马铃薯淀粉糊和木薯淀粉糊;淀粉糊粘度随剪切速率增大的上行线与随剪切速率减小的下行线之间存在滞后圈,说明西米淀粉糊具有触变性。     

玉米淀粉糊流变特性研究

利用AR–500流变仪,研究了不同质量浓度、温度和加热时间条件下玉米淀粉糊的流变特性。结果表明:玉米淀粉糊主要表现为假塑性非牛顿流体,流变特性服从Carreau模型。在同一剪切速率下,黏度随着质量浓度增大而增大,随着温度升高而降低,随着加热时间延长而下降;在同一质量分数条件下,黏度随着剪切速率的增加而呈现先增加后降低的趋势;在同一温度条件下,黏度随着剪切速率的增加而降低。     

磷酸化醋酸酯淀粉流变学特性的研究

采用流变仪研究了低取代度醋酸酯淀粉及其不同磷酸化程度产物的糊的流变特性。结果表明：所有的样品糊均呈现假塑性流体特征。在相同的温度下，剪切应力随剪切速率的增加而增大；在同一剪切速率下，样品糊的剪切应力随温度的上升而降低，剪切应力随取代度的增加而升高，表观黏度随着取代度的增加而上升。当DS〉0．0416时，随着取代度的提高，剪切稀化也增强。     

麦芽糖对糯性谷物淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响

以大黄米、糯米、糯玉米淀粉为原料,通过快速黏度分析仪、流变仪、差示扫描量热仪以及低场强核磁研究不同添加量的（2%、6%和10%）麦芽糖对糯性谷物淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响。结果表明：麦芽糖能够提高3 种糯性谷物淀粉的成糊温度,显著降低3 种淀粉的峰值黏度、终值黏度和回生值;随着麦芽糖添加量的增加,3 种淀粉糊的剪切应力逐渐降低,稠度系数降低,体系仍为假塑性流体,相比于大黄米淀粉和糯米淀粉,10%的麦芽糖对糯玉米淀粉的影响更大,稠度系数由32.546 Pa·sn降至4.801 Pa·sn,剪切变稀现象更为明显;热力学研究显示添加麦芽糖均能增加3 种糯性谷物淀粉的糊化温度和糊化焓值,且随着麦芽糖添加量的增加而升高;通过低场强核磁分析可知,添加麦芽糖使整个体系结合水与不易流动水含量增加,自由水含量减少,进一步解释添加麦芽糖能够降低体系黏度,增加淀粉糊化温度;本研究可为麦芽糖在糯性谷物食品中的应用提供指导。     

γ-聚谷氨酸对小麦淀粉糊化及流变学特性的影响

为了解γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对小麦淀粉糊化及流变学特性的影响,采用快速黏度仪、差式扫描量热仪、流变仪、扫描电镜测定添加不同比例γ-PGA的小麦淀粉糊化特性、热力学性质、流变学特性、微观结构。结果表明,随γ-PGA添加量的增加,小麦淀粉糊的黏度、糊化焓值降低,糊化温度升高,γ-PGA阻碍了淀粉糊化,增强了淀粉糊的热稳定性;储能模量G′和损耗模量G″降低,损耗角正切tanδ升高,该混合体系为弱凝胶动态流变学图谱,弹性大于黏性;应力随添加量的增加而降低,呈剪切稀化现象,该淀粉糊为假塑性流体;γ-PGA使淀粉凝胶孔洞变小,微观结构更加致密。γ-PGA明显改善了小麦淀粉的糊化及流变学性质,添加量为0.7%时影响效果最大。     

蜡质玉米辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯理化性质的研究

采用扫描电镜法对蜡质玉米辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的颗粒形貌进行研究,发现蜡质玉米原淀粉颗粒表面比较光滑,经辛烯基琥珀酸酐(OSA)酯化后,淀粉颗粒表面受到一定程度的侵蚀,且受侵蚀的程度随取代度的增加而加深,说明化学反应首先发生在颗粒表面.X-射线衍射实验表明原淀粉的A型晶体结构没有改变,酯化反应发生在淀粉的无定形区,而对内部结晶区没有影响.与蜡质玉米原淀粉相比,酯化反应后淀粉的乳化能力和乳化稳定性均显著增强,能稳定水包油型乳浊液.通过对其糊液的流变性质研究发现,在同一剪切速率下,取代度(DS)越大,其糊的表观黏度越高.并且黏度随剪切速率的升高而降低,糊液呈假塑性流体特征.RVA黏度测试结果表明,随着酯化程度的加深,辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的黏度增加,糊化温度降低,添加10%的蔗糖对其糊液黏度影响不大,氯化钠能抑制其糊化,使其黏度显著降低.     

糜黍淀粉理化性质及消化特性

以黍子面和糜子面为原料,用碱法制备黍子淀粉和糜子淀粉,对其颗粒形态、红外光谱特性、透光率、溶解度、持水力、凝沉稳定性以及消化性等性质进行研究。结果表明：黍子淀粉中支链淀粉含量为91.78%,直链淀粉含量为8.21%;糜子淀粉中支链淀粉含量为65.28%,直链淀粉含量为34.72%。糜子面粉、黍子面粉及其淀粉中的抗性淀粉含量均超过50%,糜子面和糜子淀粉中的抗性淀粉含量均分别高于黍子面和黍子淀粉。黍子淀粉的透光率高于糜子淀粉。糜子淀粉凝沉稳定性强于黍子淀粉。糜子淀粉和黍子淀粉的溶解度、持水力随温度的升高,呈现上升趋势。     

Structural and Physical Properties of Starches Isolated from Six Varieties of Millet Grown in China

This study investigated the structural and physical properties of starches extracted from six varieties of millet mainly grown in China. The amylose content of millet starches ranged from 17.6 to 28.4 g/100 g (dry weight basis, db), and a variety of waxy proso millet starch (0.38 g/100 g, db) was identified. These starches exhibited a majority of large polygonal granules with several indentations, few small spherical granules, and A-type crystallinity. Proso millet starch showed prominent paste clarity and freeze-thaw stability, whereas finger millet starch exhibited the highest solubility. Moreover, barnyard millet starch had the lowest sediment volume. The gelatinization enthalpy of proso millet starch was the highest (5.16 J/g). For non-waxy millet starch, the ratio of retrogradation (R%) was positively correlated with amylose content. Among all starches, the storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G″) during heating and cooling. The G′ and G″ of proso millet starch and barnyard millet starch pastes were significantly lower than other starches during cooling. The pasting properties of six millet starches significantly differed, had positive correlation with amylose content, and were affected by NaCl, sucrose, and pH values.     

湿热处理对糜子粉及淀粉理化性质的影响

采用糜子粉及糜子淀粉作为试验材料,研究湿热处理对不同含水量（20%-35%）样品颗粒形态、晶体结构、成糊特性、热力学特性、膨胀度、透明度等理化性质的影响。结果表明,改性后的样品颗粒发生了局部糊化,表面变得凹凸不平,晶体类型仍为A型结构,但结晶度增加。湿热改性的糜子粉及淀粉的起糊温度显著提高,峰值黏度、低谷黏度、破损值及热焓值降低,膨胀度和透明度随水分含量的升高而降低。这些现象说明湿热处理能够改变糜子粉及其淀粉的理化性质,为其扩大应用范围提供一定的指导。     

糜子品种理化特性与体外抗氧化性研究

对39个粳性、糯性糜子品种的品质特性进行分析。结果表明,不同糜子品种的红绿值a*、粗脂肪、灰分、直链淀粉、溶解度、膨胀度、DPPH·清除率和糊化特性差异较大。糜子的平均淀粉含量73.91%,蛋白11.37%,粗脂肪4.02%,灰分0.55%,直链淀粉11.81%,支链淀粉62.10%;糜子的多酚、黄酮含量分别为8.20 mg/g、59.00 mg/100 g,对DPPH·和ABTS+·有一定的清除作用。糯性糜子较粳性糜子色泽鲜黄,具有较高的吸水性、溶解度和膨胀度。除破损值外,粳性糜子的各糊化指标值高于糯性糜子。聚类分析将糜子品种分为4类,可满足不同的加工需求。     

糜米粉对面团特性及面包品质的影响

为研究糜米粉对面团特性及面包品质的影响,探究了糜米粉添加量(0、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%)对面团的微观结构、拉伸特性、动态流变学特性以及面包品质的影响。结果表明:随着糜米粉添加量的增加,面团的面筋网络出现了断层结构。添加糜米粉使得面团的拉伸强度和拉伸距离均呈下降趋势,面团的弹性模量和黏性模量均呈上升趋势。糜米粉的添加明显增加了面包的硬度和咀嚼度,降低了面包的弹性、粘聚性、回复性、比容和感官评分。因此,糜米粉的添加改变了小麦面团的特性和面包的品质,其添加量不宜超过30%。     

Effect of adding zein,soy protein isolate and whey protein isolate on the physicochemical and in vitro digestion of proso millet starch

Mixtures of proso millet starch with zein (15%, w/v), soy protein isolate (SPI, 15%, w/v) and whey protein isolate (WPI, 10%, w/v) as starch–protein composites were prepared through heat–moisture treatment, and the effects of protein addition on the physicochemical, structural and digestibility properties of starch were investigated. Rapid Visco Analysis showed that the addition of zein, SPI and WPI gave significantly decreased setback values to 240.7cp, 192.0cp and 83.0cp, respectively, and setback values decreased reflected the excellent cold paste properties. Thermal analysis showed that each protein reduced the enthalpy, but especially WPI (reduced by 94.7%), suggesting that the double helices of the starch granules were decreased. X-ray diffraction showed that starch crystallinity was decreased after protein addition. The digestibility studies revealed that the addition of zein, SPI and WPI decreased the content of rapidly digestible starch and increased the resistant starch content to 8.4%, 14.6% and 17.5%, respectively. The whey protein displayed a more obvious impact on the digestibility of proso millet starch. These results will help guide the production and processing of starchy foods with desirable properties.     

Relationship Between Gelatinizing Temperature and Enthalpy of Starch from Gramineous Crops by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

In this report endosperm starch granules from gramineous crops such as rice, barley, wheat, foxtail millet and proso millet were analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and the relationship between gelatinized temperature and enthalpy were discussed. Peak temperatures (Tp) for gelatinization in these gramineous crops as a whole ranged from 57 to 80°C and enthalpy were distributed from 6.4 to 15.6 J/g. Crops having waxy phenotype, namely, rice, barley, foxtail millet and proso millet show a correlationship between Tp and enthalpy. A crop having no waxy phenotype such as wheat however shows no relationship between these parameters.     

基于主成分分析的21种粳性黄米品质评价

目的:对不同粳性黄米品种的品质进行评价。方法:以21个粳性黄米品种为试验材料,测定其营养成分、糊化特性、蒸煮特性及质构特性,分析品质差异及指标相关性,运用主成分分析进行综合评价。结果:质构特性、粗脂肪含量、回生值、破损值、最终黏度在品种间差异较大,起糊温度和淀粉含量的变异系数较小,是较为稳定的指标。主成分分析结果显示前3个主成分反映了原变量72.04%的信息,筛选出最终黏度、回生值、硬度和黏附性为关键指标,根据综合得分评价出粳性黄米品种的综合品质优劣。结论:陇糜10号、内糜9号、陇糜8号、榆糜3号、宁糜13号的综合品质最优,最终黏度、回生值、硬度和黏附性可作为粳性黄米品质的代表性指标,用于指导黄米品种筛选。