平面应力条件下裂端约束与裂纹启裂准则

本文利用有限元方法对平面应务条件下带有不同裂纹深度的各种裂纹试样裂端应力三轴性约束水平及其他性质进行了大量的计算分析。结果表明：平面应力裂端约束强度完全符合HRR场的要求,而且与试样几何形状、裂纹深度、材料状态等基本无关。由此确保了J积分主导裂端场的有效性、裂纹启裂准则的材料党数性质及其有同等裂端约束条件下表征不同材料断裂韧度的可比性,并得到实验结果的证明。     

Characterisation of crack tip stresses in elastic-perfectly plastic material under mode-I loading

Asymptotic crack tip stress fields are developed for a stationary plane strain crack in incompressible elastic-perfectly plastic material under mode-I loading. Detailed investigations have revealed that in between the two extreme conditions of crack tip constraint, that is, between the fully plastic Prandtl [1] field and the uniform stress field the most general elastic-plastic crack tip fields can be completely described by the 5-sector stress solution proposed in this article. The 3-sector stress field proposed by Li and Hancock [2] and the 4-sector field proposed by Zhu and Chao [3] are subsets of the general elastic-plastic field proposed in this work. This study has revealed that cases arise where the severe loss of crack tip constraint can lead to compressive yielding of crack flank. This particular situation leads to 5-sector stress field. Detailed studies have revealed that, in the most general case of elastic-plastic crack tip fields, the T_π parameter proposed by Zhu and Chao [3] cannot be used as a constraint parameter to represent a unique state of stress at the crack tip. A new constraint-indexing parameter T_CS-2 is proposed, which along with T_p is capable of representing the entire elastic-plastic crack tip stress fields over all angles around a crack tip. Excellent agreement is obtained between the proposed asymptotic crack tip stress field and the full-field finite element results for constraint levels ranging from high to low. It is demonstrated that the proposed constraint parameters are adequate to represent the crack tip constraint arising due to specimen geometry and loading conditions as well as the additional constraint that arises due to weld strength mismatch.     

Effect of constraint on fracture behavior of welded 17mn4 and aisi304 steels

In this study, 17Mn4 (P295GH) pressure vessels steel and AISI304 stainless steel were welded with ER309L austenitic consumable. In experimental part of the study, tensile tests were conducted on welded plates and variation of hardness values along specimen was measured. J-integral fracture toughness values were investigated for different crack locations. In order to determine the regions where plastic deformation did not take place due to constraint, uni-axial tensile test was performed on welded tensile specimen after attaching strain gauges. In numerical part of the study, finite element (FE) analyses were conducted by fixing 2-D models precracked on different locations by using ANSYS software. In these models, stress triaxiality and plastic deformation characteristics around crack tip were determined for each crack locations after stress — strain analyses. The limitation on the extension of plastic deformation at diffusion line causes extra increase in stress triaxiality at crack tip.     

试样尺寸对钢的细观解理断裂应力的影响

通过三维有限元计算并结合起裂源位置的测量，精确测定一种C-Mn钢不同尺寸(W、B和α)和宽度(B)的四点弯曲(4PB)缺口试样的细观解理断裂应力。发现随试样尺寸和试样宽度的增加，断裂载荷明显变化，但细观解理断裂应力基本不变。不同尺寸和宽度的缺口试样的解理断裂主要由正应力判据控制。稳定的下限细观解理断裂应力值可以用较大尺寸的缺口试样测得，可用于评价钢的断裂韧度和结构安全性。在缺口试样中，解理断裂的临界事件是铁素体晶粒尺寸的裂纹扩展进入基体，不随试样尺寸和宽度变化。细观解理断裂应力主要由临界裂纹的长度决定。     

COEC微小试样用于延性断裂行为评定的规则化法研究

在材料断裂行为评定中,试样小型化不仅具有取样方便和节约成本的优点,而且对满足特殊取样要求的断裂韧度测试有重要工程意义。采用含外侧边裂纹C形压缩（C-shaped outside edge-notched compression, COEC）小试样,基于量纲一载荷分离理论发展了其用于获取延性材料的断裂韧度的规则化测试方法。采用A508-III压力容器钢完成了不同规格COEC、紧凑拉伸（Compact tension, CT）和单边裂纹弯曲（Single edged-notched bending, SEB）试样的J阻力曲线试验。结果表明,相比试样厚度,初始裂纹长度对COEC试样的J阻力曲线测试结果影响更大。同时,由于COEC试样具有更高的裂尖约束水平,其J阻力曲线明显低于标准CT、SEB试样的结果。     

加载速率对焊接接头断裂行为的影响

在不同温度、不同加载速率下，对典型建筑结构用钢及其焊缝进行拉伸试验，测试其基本力学性能。采用能综合考虑加载速率及高加载速率下材料温度变化的R参量，确定本构关系。通过断裂力学试验，测试不同温度及加载速率下供试钢材及其焊接接头的断裂韧度值。随加载速率的增大，断裂韧度降低，但存在有较大的分散性。不同加载速率下裂纹尖端应力场数值分析结果表明，裂纹尖端最大主应力随加载速率的增大而升高。最后基于局部法，研究不同加载速率下母材及接头的断裂行为。局部断裂参量－－威布尔应力不受温度、加载速率的影响，可有效地描述材料的断裂行为。     

A533B-1钢韧脆转变区断裂韧度预测的约束评估法

分析A533B-1压力容器钢韧脆转变温度区的断裂韧度、温度以及裂纹尖端约束效应之间的关系.根据实验数据,给出从浅裂纹到深裂纹,不同裂纹长度时单边裂纹弯曲试件(single edge notched bend specimens)的主曲线(mastercurve).用有限元分析相应试件裂纹尖端区域的应力场,采用J-A2双参数方法对裂纹尖端的三轴约束水平进行评估,并给出约束参数A2与主曲线参考温度T0之间的关系.由此,建立A533B-1钢断裂韧度KJC与温度T和约束参数A2之间的关系.为利用实验室数据对工程中不同裂纹构件的断裂评估提供一种经济、可行的方法.     

Estimation of fully plastic crack tip stresses from equilibrium of least upper bound circular arcs

This paper presents a simple method to estimate fully plastic crack tip stresses based on the equilibrium condition of the least upper bounds for plane strain deformation fields consisting of rigid-body rotation across a circular arc extending from a crack tip across the remaining ligament. The method is applied to deep, single-edge-cracked specimens under combined bending and tension. For various bending-to-tension ratios, the limit loads and crack tip stresses are estimated from the present method and compared with results from finite element limit analyses. The present method gives impressive results.     

Modelling the effect of HAZ undermatching on the crack-tip stress distribution in idealized welds

In order to study the influence of the heat-affected zone softening on the fracture behaviour of welds with cracks in the weld metal centre line, a large variety of weld geometries and undermatch conditions of the heat affected zone mechanical properties, relative to the weld metal and base material, were addressed in this study. With this aim, the opening stress distribution in notched welded specimens was analysed using the numerical simulation of the three-point bending test. The numerical results show a reduction in the stress levels ahead of the crack tip for welded specimens with severe heat-affected zone undermatch. The stress distribution is strongly influenced by the crack position relative to the weld material/heat-affected zone interface, independently of heat-affected zone width.     

非对称齿廓齿轮弯曲疲劳强度理论分析与试验

为提高齿轮承载能力设计齿轮两侧压力角不等的非对称渐开线新齿形,推导双压力角非对称齿廓齿轮工作齿侧与非工作齿侧的渐开线齿廓方程和齿根过渡曲线方程,通过迭代计算和优化策略提出非对称齿廓齿轮疲劳强度解析法计算公式。编制生成非对称齿轮齿廓的参数化程序,在此基础上建立非对称齿廓齿轮有限元分析模型。通过解析法对不同压力角组合的非对称齿廓齿轮弯曲应力和危险截面位置计算得出,随着工作齿侧压力角的增大齿根最大弯曲应力逐渐降低,单齿啮合区向齿顶偏移;通过对有限元模型进行计算得出的结果与解析法一致,应用最小二乘法拟合出非对称齿廓齿轮齿根弯曲应力随工作齿侧压力角变化的计算公式。采用数控电火花线切割方法加工制造非对称与标准齿廓齿轮,在高频疲劳试验机上采用双齿脉动加载方法对其进行疲劳强度试验。试验结果表明,非对称齿廓齿轮在相同寿命下比对称齿轮极限载荷提高了50%,非对称齿廓齿轮的应力值变化趋势与前两种方法是一致的。     

高碳铬轴承钢的超长寿命疲劳行为的研究

使用砂漏型试样对高碳铬轴承钢的S-N曲线特性和破坏机理进行了研究。通过旋转弯曲疲劳试验获得的S-N曲线按照破坏模式的不同被划分为裂纹萌生位置不同的两组。一组叫做表面破坏模式的S-N曲线,它发生在高应力幅短寿命区,是由试样表面晶体滑移引起的。另一组叫做内部破坏模式的S-N曲线,它发生在低应力幅长寿命区,是由试样内部的非金属夹杂引起的。由于内部破坏模式的疲劳破坏发生在表面破坏模式的疲劳极限上下很宽的应力幅范围,因此,试验材料的S-N曲线的形状与通常报道的阶梯形状的S-N曲线的形状不同,它具有两条S-N曲线的特性。通过对断口上裂纹萌生位置的详细观察和裂纹萌生位置的初期尺寸参数的计算,阐述了内部破坏模式的破坏机理,提出了基于尺寸参数的超长寿命疲劳极限的推定方法。     

材料重复冲击损伤模型与数值计算方法研究

基于连续介质损伤力学,将有效应力概念和应变等效假设应用于Johnson-Cook本构模型中,建立了重复冲击载荷作用下材料力学性能退化的损伤模型,以及考虑材料性能退化对冲击应力应变响应影响的数值计算方法。首先,推导了基于损伤耦合J-C本构模型的应力应变数值计算关系式,并在ABAQUS中进行二次开发,采用两种方法实现了考虑损伤影响的应力应变数值计算。进一步,建立了试件在重复冲击下损伤累积的计算方法,并采用所建方法对含缺口三点弯试件的重复冲击损伤进行了数值计算,研究了缺口根部应力应变及损伤度,并对试件整体损伤规律进行了分析。进一步开展了缺口三点弯试件的重复冲击试验,通过计算结果与试验结果的对比验证了建立的数值计算方法的可行性和适用性。与无损伤耦合模型计算结果相比,损伤耦合模型更能合理反映出缺口根部材料的力学性能退化过程以及损伤累积与冲击响应之间的相互影响。     

Micro-strain distribution around a crack tip by electron beam moiré methods

The microscopic deformation around a crack tip in a small tensile specimen of aluminum was measured by using electron beam moiré methods. The tensile test was carried out in a scanning electron microscope(SEM) by using specially designed small tensile testing apparatus for an SEM. A line grating with a pitch of 87 nm was written at the crack tip by electron beam lithography. SEM images of the grating contained(original) moiré fringes at certain magnifications without loadings on the specimen. The displacement and strain in the region 10 to 50 μ m from the crack tip were evaluated by analyzing the (mismatch) moiré fringes. Measured strains normal to loadings(longitudinal strains) near the crack tip were found to be comparable to those estimated using linear elastic fracture mechanics(LEFM), for the lowest load, and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, at effective crack tip position located within the actual crack tip. The exponent of the strain singularity in the vicinity of the actual crack tip changed with applied stress, ranging between ?0.64 and ?1.0. The measured crack tip opening displacement(CTOD) values disagreed with CTODs based on the Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren(HRR) field, the Dugdale model, and LEFM. The experimental plastic zones spread from the line of crack extension up to an angle of about 60°, as expected from LEFM theory.     

Correction of constraint loss in fracture toughness measurement of PCVN specimens based on fracture toughness diagram

The aim of this paper is to suggest an approach to generate master curves by using miniature specimens, especially pre-cracked Charpy V-notched (PCVN) specimen, made of SA508 carbon steel. Firstly, fracture toughness diagram is derived from comparing finite element analyses results with the fixed mesh size at crack tip between standard compact tension and PCVN specimens. To compensate the constraint effects from different geometry, further examination based on the fracture toughness diagram was performed. In this context, a scale factor to deal with specimen size effects is proposed by statistically manipulating the numerical analysis data. Finally, the proposed scale factor is applied to calculate reference temperature which affects on the master curve. We expect that the approach can be applicable to compensate the geometrical constraint effects on fracture toughness of SA508 carbon steel when the PCVN specimen is used.     

Numerical Investigation on Fracture Initiation Properties of Interface Crack in Dissimilar Steel Welded Joints

Fracture toughness property is of significant importance when evaluating structural safety. The current research of fracture toughness mainly focused on crack in homogeneous material and experimental results. When the crack is located in a welded joint with high-gradient microstructure and mechanical property distribution, it becomes difficult to evaluate the fracture toughness behavior since the stress distribution may be affected by various factors. In recent years, numerical method has become an ideal approach to reveal the essence and mechanism of fracture toughness behavior. This study focuses on the crack initiation behavior and driving force at different interfaces in dissimilar steel welded joints. The stress and strain fields around the crack tip lying at the interfaces of ductile-ductile, ductile-brittle and brittle-brittle materials are analyzed by the numerical simulation. For the interface of ductile-ductile materials, the strain concentration on the softer material side is responsible for ductile fracture initiation. For the ductile-brittle interface, the shielding effect of the ductile material plays an important role in decreasing the fracture driving force on the brittle material side. In the case of brittle-brittle interface, a careful matching is required, because the strength mismatch decreases the fracture driving force in one side, whereas the driving force in another side is increased. The results are deemed to offer support for the safety assessment of welded structures.     

Recent development in low-constraint fracture toughness testing for structural integrity assessment of pipelines

Fracture toughness measurement is an integral part of structural integrity assessment of pipelines. Traditionally, a single-edge-notched bend (SE(B)) specimen with a deep crack is recommended in many existing pipeline structural integrity assessment procedures. Such a test provides high constraint and therefore conservative fracture toughness results. However, for girth welds in service, defects are usually subjected to primarily tensile loading where the constraint is usually much lower than in the three-point bend case. Moreover, there is increasing use of strain-based design of pipelines that allows applied strains above yield. Low-constraint toughness tests represent more realistic loading conditions for girth weld defects, and the corresponding increased toughness can minimize unnecessary conservatism in assessments. In this review, we present recent developments in low-constraint fracture toughness testing, specifically using single-edge-notched tension specimens, SENT or SE(T). We focus our review on the test procedure development and automation, round-robin test results and some common concerns such as the effect of crack tip, crack size monitoring techniques, and testing at low temperatures. Examples are also given of the integration of fracture toughness data from SE(T) tests into structural integrity assessment.     

Mode I fracture toughness analysis of a single-layer grapheme sheet

To predict the fracture toughness of a single-layer graphene sheet (SLGS), analytical formulations were devised for the hexagonal honeycomb lattice using a linkage equivalent discrete frame structure. Broken bonds were identified by a sharp increase in the position of the atoms. As crack propagation progressed, the crack tip position and crack path were updated from broken bonds in the molecular dynamics (MD) model. At each step in the simulation, the atomic model was centered on the crack tip to adaptively follow its path. A new formula was derived analytically from the deformation and bending mechanism of solid-state carbon-carbon bonds so as to describe the mode I fracture of SLGS. The fracture toughness of single-layer graphene is governed by a competition between bond breaking and bond rotation at a crack tip. K-field based displacements were applied on the boundary of the micromechanical model, and FEM results were obtained and compared with theoretical findings. The critical stress intensity factor for a graphene sheet was found to be K _IC = 2.63 ~ 3.2MPa \(\sqrt m \) for the case of a zigzag crack.     

裂纹尖端滑移系选择的探讨

本文利用断裂力学知识和张量分析方法得到了外加应力在裂尖滑移系沿滑方向的分解剪切应力,并定义了裂纹尖端Schmid因子。本文还讨论了裂尖应力场对裂尖滑移系开动的影响。当裂纹尖端向外发射位错时,裂尖滑移系的选择由裂尖Schmid因子支配,并且在裂尖附近区域内位错源开动或螺位错交滑移时滑移系的选择也由裂尖Schmid因子支配。     

Effects of thermal aging and stress triaxiality on PWSCC initiation susceptibility of nickel-based Alloy 600

In present study, effects of thermal aging and triaxial stress were investigated in terms of primary water stress corrosion cracking susceptibility. The thermal aging was applied via heat treatment at 400°C and triaxial stress was applied via notched tensile test specimen. The crack initiation time of each specimen were then measured by direct current potential drop method during slow strain rate test at primary water environment. Alloys with 10 years thermal aging exhibited the highest susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking and asreceived specimen shows lowest susceptibility. The trend was different with triaxial stress applied; 20 years thermal aging specimen shows highest susceptibility and as-received specimen shows lowest. It would be owing to change of precipitate morphology during thermal aging and different activated slip system in triaxial stress state.     

钢的回火与强度塑性的配合

淬火后回火是最常用的热处理工艺之一。然而,钢的强度与塑性常常随回火温度——时间参量的发言改变而向相反的方向变化。必须指出,这些强度与塑性值通常是由光滑试样单向拉力试验得来的,一个机械零件的实际承载能力或寿命往往既不单纯取决于材料的强度,也不单纯取决于塑性,而是根据服役条件决定于两者的合理配合。本文提供了几种结构钢淬火成为金属马氏体后回火对某些机械性能参量影响的研究结果。这些参量更接近于表征一些典型钢种的实际承载能力或服役寿命。它们包括：一次加载时的失效抗力：带有不同应力集中直至一个实际裂纹的极限拉伸强度,缺口敏感度,断裂韧性和冲击韧性。循环加载下的失效抗力：光滑与缺口试样的疲劳极限,过载持久寿命,重复冲击持久寿命,裂纹产生的应力循环次数及裂纹扩展速率。试验结果表明,几乎所有这些参量均在一定的回火温度下出现高峰、低谷或饱和拐点,它们反映了给定材料的强度与塑性之间的一种适当的配合关系,当服役条件改变时这些转折回火温度则向一定的方向转移,要求新的配合。从而为选择回火温度提供一些依据。通过回火转变的高压电镜薄膜透射研究,显示了不同回火温度下所发生的组织变化,为这些表征参量的变化提供了部分内在的联系数。