混凝剂加注量的自动控制新方法

报导了净水过程中使用计算机实时采集和定量分析絮凝池絮体图像,算出絮体沉淀“等效直径”作为控制混凝剂加注率的目标值,并用进水流量和沉淀水浊度信号自动修正目标设定植,加注量为进水流量与加注率之积。实验数据表明,该方法能适应水质和其他因素的变化自动调整加注量,达到了稳定沉淀水浊度的目的。     

控制絮体成长的动力学过程

本文从理论上分析了絮体成长的动力学过程。得到细小粒子的凝集动力由布朗运动决定，此阶段只需要有将混凝剂迅速分散于水中的水力条件；在絮体进一步成长过程中除造成有利于絮体碰撞的水力条件外，还要造成絮体粒径控制在某一限度之内的水力条件。这样可以得到密度高、沉淀效果好的絮体。     

复合混凝剂的强化混凝效果及絮体分形结构变化

将聚合氯化铝(PAC)分别与高锰酸钾、水合二氧化锰进行复配而得到复合混凝剂,研究了两种复合混凝剂对微污染水源水的处理效果,并考察了投药量、投药方式对混凝效果的影响,同时还对混凝过程中絮体结构的变化进行了研究。结果表明,两种复合混凝剂均具有良好的去除浊度和有机污染物的能力,当PAC投量为15 mg/L时,两种复合混凝剂分别在KMnO4投量为0.1 mg/L、水合MnO2投量为0.15 mg/L时达到最佳混凝效果。絮体分维值能很好地描述絮体结构的变化规律,在混凝过程中,两种复合混凝剂的絮体分维值均表现出先增(均在360 s时达到最大值)后逐渐减小的规律,可见絮体经历了从小到大、从松散到密实再到松散的过程。     

溶气气浮的微气泡影响因素及其与絮体的结合特性

通过微观分析系统对气浮工艺中的气载絮体进行观测,分别研究了气浮过程中微气泡和气载絮体的特性以及Zeta电位对气载絮体平衡接触角的影响。在0.40 MPa和30%回流比的工况条件下,气泡平均粒径较小,其尺寸主要分布在40~110μm之间,占整体数量90%以上。投加混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)后,在0.40 MPa时气载絮体尺寸最大,主要尺寸分布在0.45~0.95mm之间,二维分形维数最小,结构更为松散轻薄。在此基础上通过投加不同浓度的混凝剂控制溶液的Zeta电位来探究其对平衡接触角的影响,发现不同于传统混凝在等电点处达到最优混凝效果,气浮工艺是在Zeta电位为17 m V时平衡接触角达到最大值,此时的气载絮体中气泡与絮体的结合更为理想,更利于提升气浮工艺的分离效果。     

高铁基硅混凝剂形成铅絮体的分形维数分析

利用高铁基硅混凝剂及聚磷硫酸铁(PPFS)对含铅工业废水进行处理,考察含铅工业废水处理过程中分形维数对铅絮体的影响以及与铅离子去除率的关系。结果表明:对于模拟的含铅工业废水,高铁基硅混凝剂的最佳投药量(体积分数)为3.5×10-3,最佳的pH值为9.5,在此最佳条件下,铅絮体的分形维数最大,铅絮体最为密实,铅离子的去除率也最高,分形维数与铅离子去除率之间有良好的相关性;对于实际含铅工业废水,高铁基硅混凝剂的最佳投量为8×10-3,除率为92.5%,效果要好于PPFS;两种混凝剂的分形维数与铅离子去除率之间同样有良好相关性。     

纳米SiO_2用于含表面活性剂原水的处理

在含表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的低浊(6 NTU)高岭土原水中,投加纳米SiO_2进行动态混凝与静沉试验,借助图像分析技术与定量控制参数,探讨了纳米SiO_2的作用效果与形态学特性.结果表明:絮体的形成与生长具有分形特征,分形结构是影响颗粒混凝、絮团密实度与沉降特性的主要因素;SDS的存在对絮凝初期絮体的形成起阻碍作用,随后SDS与混凝剂的混合体共同对粒子作用,促进絮凝,絮体变大且密实,沉降性能改善;SDS和SiO_2对高岭土粒子存在竞争吸附;单独投加纳米SiO_2时形成的絮体小而脆弱,而以纳米SiO_2为助凝剂能促使PAC絮体结构向更密实的构型转变,对浊度和SDS的去除率提高.     

聚苯乙烯微塑料对自来水厂混凝絮体的影响

混凝是净水工艺中不可或缺的环节,而微塑料在原水中客观存在。以聚苯乙烯（PS）为例,分析了微塑料对混凝过程中浊度去除效果、絮体大小和分形维数的影响。结果表明,当混凝剂投加量为14 mg/L时,微塑料的存在导致浊度去除率降低了7.1%,絮体大小与分形维数也相应降低;当投加量增加至26 mg/L时,微塑料可使浊度去除率提高0.8%,达到95.2%,分形维数增大至1.587,絮体粒径无明显变化。说明在混凝剂投加量较低时,微塑料的存在对浊度去除效果、絮体粒径及分形维数有负面影响,但随着混凝剂投加量的继续提高,负面影响减弱,微塑料的存在甚至还可以促进浊度去除和分形维数的提高。     

混凝剂中的铝形态对藻类混凝过程的影响

为了考察混凝剂中的铝形态对藻类混凝过程的影响,使用3种具有不同铝形态分布的混凝剂对含藻水进行了混凝试验。结果表明,硫酸铝由于具有较低含量的Alb,电中和能力较差,故需要较大的投量才能去除藻类,形成絮体;含藻水体系中的有机物主要是腐殖酸及富里酸类物质,微生物代谢产物(SMP)在硫酸铝作混凝剂时得到较好的去除,而腐殖酸及富里酸的去除率较低可能是造成硫酸铝混凝效果较差的原因;Alc(Al(30))在混凝中的作用机理主要是吸附架桥作用,可有效去除水体中的有机物,Al₁₃的主要作用机理是电中和作用,可以有效去除水体中的颗粒物;Al₁₃与Al₃₀由于具有形态的稳定性,其混凝过程受pH值的影响较小。絮体强度因子随着pH值的升高先增大后减小,Al₁₃作混凝剂时絮体恢复因子随pH值的升高先增大后减小,而其他两种混凝剂所形成絮体的恢复因子随pH值的升高而增大。     

悬浮澄清池中高密度絮体的特性分析

阐述了混凝剂与助凝剂联合投加形成的高密度絮体对悬浮澄清池中水流微观流态、絮凝反应颗粒之间的凝结力和碰撞的或然率等的影响,解释了其去除浊度和有机物效果良好的试验事实,并对高密度絮体形成的条件进行了分析。     

硫酸铝作为混凝剂时絮体破碎与再絮凝的研究

以硫酸铝为混凝剂,采用智能光散射分析仪(IPDA)对絮体破碎与再絮凝过程进行连续在线监测,考察了pH值和硫酸铝投量对絮体形成及破碎后再絮凝的影响.结果表明:当电性中和作用占主导时(硫酸铝投量为O.12 mmol/L,以Al计),絮体破碎后能继续再絮凝,高岭土-铝体系中产生的絮体恢复因子高达117%,高岭土-腐殖酸-铝体系中产生的絮体恢复因子高达110%;当网捕卷扫作用占主导时(硫酸铝投量≥0.2 mmoL/L),絮体破碎后不能完全恢复,恢复效果不如电性中和作用下的;腐殖酸的存在明显影响絮体形成和破碎后再絮凝过程的絮凝指数.     

基于絮凝体粒径分布的混凝控制研究

絮凝体粒径分布可作为评价絮凝效果好坏的指标,也可以作为控制混凝剂投加的依据.采用数字图像处理技术,通过对采集的絮凝体图像进行预处理,结合图像Otsu二维分割、连通域判断等操作,实现了在线测量絮凝体粒径分布.结果表明,该方法可以快速准确地获取絮凝体的粒径分布,为控制混凝投药起到了很好的预警作用.     

A study of titanium sulfate flocculation for water treatment

There are limited studies available on titanium salt flocculation. In this research, coagulation experiments of titanium sulfate were conducted using both distilled water and kaolin clay suspension. Results showed that titanium sulfate flocculation was most effective in the pH range 4-6, and negligible concentrations of titanium were found in the well-flocculated water. The floc isoelectric point (IEP) was found to be near pH 5. Measurements showed that the titanium flocs possessed greater density, diameter and settling velocity than the aluminum flocs. The titanium flocs were composed of TiO(OH)₂, which would change from the amorphous phase into anatase titanium dioxide under elevated temperatures. Floc images showed the structural similarity of titanium and aluminum flocs. Laboratory results and a pilot experiment showed that titanium sulfate could be an alternative coagulant for water and wastewater treatment.     

The impact of pH on floc structure characteristic of polyferric chloride in a low DOC and high alkalinity surface water treatment

The adjustment of pH is an important way to enhance removal efficiency in coagulation units, and in this process, the floc size, strength and structure can be changed, influencing the subsequent solid/liquid separation effect. In this study, an inorganic polymer coagulant, polyferric chloride (PFC) was used in a low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and high alkalinity surface water treatment. The influence of coagulation pH on removal efficiency, floc growth, strength, re-growth capability and fractal dimension was examined. The optimum dosage was predetermined as 0.150 mmol/L, and excellent particle and organic matter removal appeared in the pH range of 5.50-5.75. The structure characteristics of flocs formed under four pH conditions were investigated through the analysis of floc size, effect of shear and particle scattering properties by a laser scattering instrument. The results indicated that flocs formed at neutral pH condition gave the largest floc size and the highest growth rate. During the coagulation period, the fractal dimension of floc aggregates increased in the first minutes and then decreased and larger flocs generally had smaller fractal dimensions. The floc strength, which was assessed by the relationship of floc diameter and velocity gradient, decreased with the increase of coagulation pH. Flocs formed at pH 4.00 had better recovery capability when exposed to lower shear forces, while flocs formed at neutral and alkaline conditions had better performance under higher shear forces.     

Laboratory study of ballasted flocculation

Ballasted flocculation is applied successfully in the water treatment industry, but the concept has not yet been subject to extended experimental studies. The use of a microsand and a polymer together to increase the weight of the flocs and the rate at which they settle is radically changing the coagulation flocculation-settling methodology. The objective of this research is to study ballasted flocculation in the laboratory by means of a modified jar-test procedure. The first tests, conducted using a statistical approach, enabled us to identify those parameters that have a significant influence on the quality of settled water. The principal treatment parameters considered in this study were the chemical dosage, the contact times in the different basins, the pH of coagulation and the dosage of microsand. The parameters used to evaluate the quality of the settled water, and hence treatment performances, were turbidity, UV absorbance, TOC and membrane filterability. The results showed that the coagulant dosage and the coagulation pH have a preponderant effect on the variability of the quality of the settled water. By contrast, filterability as measured by the laboratory filter tests, was found to be more sensitive to coagulant and microsand dosages. It was dependent on the ratio of microsand to polymer dosage, and improved when this ratio increased.     

Floc structural characteristics using conventional coagulation for a high doc, low alkalinity surface water source

Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) is well established using metal salt coagulants. In addition, flocculant aids are also commonly used to improve solid removal. The objectives of this paper is to describe the impacts of both NOM and polymer on floc structure. The study offers a comparison of floc physical characteristics for coagulant precipitate flocs, organic-coagulant flocs and organic-coagulant-polymer flocs for optimum coagulant and polymer doses. A ferric sulphate-based coagulant was used as the primary coagulant and the polymer selected was a high molecular weight (MW) cationic polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC). Floc size, breakage, re-growth and settling characteristics were measured. Precipitate flocs were larger than organic flocs and had better settling characteristics when compared to NOM-coagulant flocs. When polymer was added, floc size and compaction was seen to further reduce. An explanation was offered in terms of the mode of flocculation involved. Floc breakage behaviour showed that polymer reduced the rate of floc degradation but did not greatly improve floc re-growth potential after breakage, which was generally poor for all of the suspensions.     

Micro processes in coagulation

A series of experiments is described, in which the optimal pH range in clarification, as well as the conditions affecting the interactions between the flocs and the dispergated colloidal particles were investigated. These experiments were carried out using a natural colloidal dispersion: the water of the River Danube. In the experiments the Zeta-potential and turbidity were measured, accompanied on occasion by microscopic observations. Aluminium sulphate was invariably used as the coagulant.From the experimental results the following conclusions have been arrived at: (1) optimal conditions for clarification were found to exist within a definite pH range, in which the Zeta-potential was virtually unaffected even by large changes in the concentration of the coagulant, whereby a saving in coagulant becomes possible: (2) in studying the interactions between the flocs and dispersed colloid particles, the freshly formed aluminium hydroxide sols were found to become adsorbed on the discrete colloid particles. The large “aged” flocs are no more capable of impairing substantially the stability of the colloidal dispersion.     

混凝沉淀工艺深度处理污水厂二级出水的混凝剂优化

通过烧杯试验，确定了采用混凝、沉淀工艺深度处理城市污水处理厂二级出水时，最佳的混凝剂组合及投量。结果表明，铝盐混凝剂与PAM组合使用时比铁盐混凝剂与PAM组合使用时的处理效果更好，当PAC＋PAM的组合投量为20mg／L＋5mg／L或30mg／L＋1mg／L、硫酸铝＋PAM的组合投量为30mg／L＋5mg／L时，混凝、沉淀出水浊度为2．5～3．5NTU，COD为25-40mg／L，TP为0．06-0．12mg／L。由于混凝后水中所形成的絮体较小，难于沉淀，因此混凝沉淀工艺对SS的去除效果较差，实际工程中可考虑增设过滤单元。     

Breakage and re-growth of flocs: effect of additional doses of coagulant species

Several polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulants were prepared, with different OH/Al ratios (B values), and characterized by Ferron assay. These were used in studies of floc formation, breakage and re-growth with kaolin suspensions under controlled shear conditions, using a continuous optical monitoring method. Particular attention was paid to the effect of small additional coagulant dosages, added during the floc breakage period, on the re-growth of broken flocs. The results showed that the re-growth ability was greatly dependent on the nature of the PACl species added as second coagulant. The re-growth ability of broken flocs was greatest when the second coagulant was PACl₀ (i.e. AlCl₃, with B = 0) and least with PACl₂₅ (B = 2.5). In the latter case there was no effect on floc re-growth, irrespective of the initial coagulant used. PACls with intermediate B values gave some improvement in floc re-growth, but less than that with PACl₀. Additional dosage of PACl₀ gave re-grown flocs about the same size or even larger than those before breakage. The re-growth of broken flocs is significantly correlated with the species Al_a (monomeric) and Al_b (polymeric), as determined by Ferron assay. The amorphous hydroxide precipitate formed from PACl₀, (mainly Al_a) can greatly improve the adhesion between broken flocs and give complete re-growth. However, for PACl₂₅, mostly composed of Al_b, the nature of the precipitate is different and there is no effect on floc re-growth.