An experimental and analytical investigation of the dynamic characteristics of a flexible sandwich plate filled with electrorheological fluid

This paper investigates the dynamic characteristics of a sandwich plate embedded with an electrorheological (ER) fluid. A laser holographic interference experiment and modal testing were conducted to identify natural frequencies, modal damping and shapes of the composite structure, under different electric fields applied to the fluid domain. Moreover, the influence of the ER effect on the structural dynamic responses were recorded. It was found that both of the damping and natural frequencies of the sandwich plate increase monotonously with an increasing electric field; while, at the same time, the resonant peaks of the frequency response and the amplitudes of dynamic responses decrease. Furthermore, based on the special properties of the ER fluid, a discrete dynamic model of the sandwich plate containing ER fluids was developed and validated. The numerical simulation verifies the effect of the ER material on the structure, and the calculated dynamic parameters show the coincident changes with the experimental results.     

含智能流变材料铝合金夹层板结构的动力学特性研究

通过对一种含电流变液铝合金夹层板智能结构的动力学实验与仿真，分析和研究该结构在外电场作用下的动力特性变化。实验发现，利用外部控制条件(电场强度)的变化，可以改变结构的固有特性，如自然频率、结构阻尼等，可实现对结构的主动控制。数值分析时采用粘弹性材料等效处理方法模拟电流变材料，计算得到的结构振动特性与实验结果吻合较好。实验与仿真计算结果均表明，随着电场强度的增大，结构固有频率也随之出现上升，且增幅与场强有关；同时，电流变材料对结构振动所产生的阻尼效应不仅受外加电场影响，还与外加激励频率有关，响应控制实验结果说明电流变材料对结构在固有频率附近所产生响应的控制效果要更为明显一些。     

电流变夹层梁的动力稳定性分析

将电流变液等效为线性粘弹性材料，并假定在小变形情况下其储能模量和损耗因子与加在它上面的电场成正比，利用Hamilton原理和有限元方法建立电流变夹层梁的动力学方程。分析不同外加电场和厚度比情况下，电流变夹层梁的振动特性及动力稳定性。通过对单频轴向激励作用下电流变夹层悬臂梁的仿真计算显示，外加电场的增大能提高电流变夹层梁的刚度和阻尼损耗，减少不稳定区域的大小，而电流变层厚度的增加将使梁的固有频率降低，但提高了梁的稳定范围。表明合理设计电流变夹层梁可以有效抑制振动，提高系统的稳定性。     

A study of misaligned electrorheological fluid lubricated hole-entry hybrid journal bearing

The present work describes a theoretical study to demonstrate the effect of the journal misalignment on the performance of an orifice compensated hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system lubricated with ER fluid. The journal misalignment has been accounted for by defining a pair of misalignment parameters sigma and delta. Continuous Bingham Model has been used to describe the behavior of ER fluid. The bearing static and dynamic characteristic parameters presented in the study indicate that the effect of journal misalignment is in general to cause a reduction in bearing dynamic characteristic parameters whereas the electric field in the ER fluid is to partially compensate this loss.     

Application of ER gel with variable friction surface to the clamp system of aerostatic slider

An electro-rheological fluid (ERF) is a functional fluid whose viscoelastic properties vary according to the intensity of the applied electric field. ERFs are mixtures of nonconductive silicone oil and inorganic/organic composite electro-rheological particles. The properties of ERFs have been exploited to control the performance of machine elements. ERFs have been applied to machine elements such as variable dampers and clutches. However, ERFs have disadvantages, namely the sedimentation of ER particles and the requirement of a seal mechanism. The sedimentation of ER particles reduces the ER effects and results in low stability of ER devices. In order to suppress the sedimentation, and thereby improve the performance of ERF devices, a new functional material called the gel-structured ERF (ERG) is developed, whose basic properties are analyzed in this study. The ER particles are suspended in the gel component, and thus will not precipitate out. This suppresses the decrease in the ER effect caused by precipitation. The ERG developed shows a large shear stress variation in response to the applied electric field. This high performance of ERG originates in a mechanism different from the ER effects of ERF. In order to elucidate the mechanism in ERG, the behavior of ER particles was observed under an electric field. The results show that the contact conditions at the interface between electrode and ERG change rapidly in response to the applied electric field, which result in a variation in shear force. On the basis of the results of a preliminary analysis, ERG was applied to the precision clamp system of an aerostatic slider, and its performance was assessed experimentally.     

Effect of Graphene and Ionic Liquid Additives on the Tribological Performance of Epoxy Resin

In the present study, we have determined the effect of graphene (PG), the ionic liquid (IL) and PG modified by mechanical blend with the IL 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluorobotate (IL + PG) on the tribological performance of epoxy resin (ER). IL + PG stable suspensions have been added to an epoxy resin (ER) matrix to obtain the new nanocomposite (ER + IL + PG), and its tribological performance has been compared with that of neat epoxy resin and with the nanocomposites containing PG (ER + PG) or IL (ER + IL). While neat ER presents a high dynamic friction coefficient of up to 0.31 and a severe wear with a specific wear rate of 8.1 × 10^?4 mm³ N^?1m^?1, the new nanocomposites show negligible surface damage, as determined by surface roughness and profilometry. All nanocomposites show low friction coefficients and negligible wear. The maximum friction reduction, up to a 70 %, is obtained for ER + PG. Results are discussed upon the basis of TEM microscopy, SEM microscopy and EDX analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis. Addition of IL or IL + PG has a plasticizing effect on ER, while addition of PG increases the thermal stability and stiffness of ER. PG shifts the storage modulus onset and in the loss modulus and tan δ maximum peaks to higher temperatures, while a shift to lower values is observed with addition of IL or IL + PG.     

STUDY ON ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUID DAMPER FOR APPLICATION IN MACHINING CHATTER CONTROL

The electrorheological fluid(ERF)is a kind of intelligent material with bright prospects for industry applications, which has viscoelastic characteristic: under the applied electric field. The dynamic model of a milling system with an ERF damper is established, and the chatter suppression mechanism of the ER effect is discussed theoretically. Both the theoretical study and the experimental investigation show that the additional damping and additioaal stiffness produced by the ERF increase with the rise in the strength of electric field E, but their influence on the cutting stability is different. Only when both additional damping and additional stiffress cooperate, the milling chatter can be suppressed quickly and effectively. In additional, an ERF dumper used on the arbor of horizontal spindle milling machine is developed, and a series of milling shatter control experiments are performed. The experimental results show that the milling chatter can be suppressed effectively by using the ER damper.     

Controllable high speed journal bearings, lubricated with electro-rheological fluids. An analytical and experimental approach

The problem of journal bearings control is of great importance in mechanical engineering. A very recent method for doing this is the creation of ‘smart' journal bearings using electro-rheological (ER) fluids. If such a fluid is used to lubricate a journal bearing system, it is expected that the imposition of an electric field between the rotor and the stator will cause an alteration in the dynamic properties of the journal bearing. In this paper an experiment in a high speed journal bearing (16 000 to 35 000 s⁻¹), with small radial clearance is presented. The alternation of the attitude locus (eccentricity and attitude angle) and the stiffness coefficients in a loaded journal bearing lubricated with ER fluid is investigated and presented. The Reynolds equation is solved using the finite element method in order to get the dynamic characteristics of the ER bearings vs the electric field and to simulate its dynamic behavior. The Bingham plastic model of non-Newtonian fluid flow behavior is used to described the ER lubricant. The accuracy of the algorithm is obtained by comparing the results published by previous investigators and the experimental data described in this paper. It is concluded that ER fluids can be used to create ‘smart' journal bearings. and vibration controllers can be constructed to control the dynamics and stability of the ER fluid lubricated bearings.     

AFFECTION OF ER FLUID ON STIFFNESS OF VIBRATION SYSTEM

On the application of an electric field, the mechanical properties of ER(Electro-rheological) fluid are very complex. The damping force of ER fluid is linear without electric field and is nonlinear when an electric field is applied. By increasing the strength of the electric field, the behavior of ER fluid changes from linear viscous to nonlinear viscoelastic-plastic. External electric fluid changes natural behavior of system with ER fluid besides the mechanical properties of ER fluid. The affect of ER fluid on the stiffness of nonlinear vibration system with ER dampers is analyzed by iterative perturbation method. The results show that the stiffness of structure would be increased with growing of the strength of the electric field.     

汽车分层耦合电驱动构型、参数匹配与能效分析

提出一种由上层的前后轴转矩耦合与下层的电动轮内双子电机转速耦合构成的新型汽车分层耦合电驱动方案,以实现整车在较宽的转矩和车速范围内保持高效驱动。详细阐述该分层耦合电驱动的构型及其工作模式;以动力性指标和循环工况为基础,对整车峰值/常规动力需求进行统计分析,继而确定了分层耦合电驱动系统的峰值/额定工作特性;基于能量效率最优的模式切换策略,获得了分层耦合电驱动的整车等效MAP特性;对比分析分层耦合电驱动与传统单电机减速轮毂驱动的整车能效特性。结果表明,新型的汽车分层耦合电驱动方案能有效地拓宽整车高效运行区间,实现在更宽的转矩-车速范围内高效（宽域高效）驱动,明显地提升了整车经济性。     

Complex moduli of electrorheological material under oscillatory shear

The electrorheological (ER) material embedded in the sandwich structure is subjected to oscillating shear as the structure is in vibration. According to this shear deformation mechanism, a testing apparatus with ER material filled in a fixture consisting of parallel plates is built in this study. With the controlled relative displacement between the parallel plates, the complex moduli, loss factor, and the dissipated energy of the ER material under oscillating shear are measured. The effects of the electric field strength, strain amplitude, and frequency on these dynamic properties are investigated. It is found that the constitutive model proposed in the previous work accurately describes the characteristics of the ER material under this loading condition.     

Effects of electric field on hydrodynamic characteristics of finite-length ER journal bearings

A numerical analysis is performed on the hydrodynamic characteristics of electrorheological (ER) fluid flows in journal bearings based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. The bearing has a finite-length and operates under incompressible laminar flow with steady conditions. The analysis is based on the numerical solution of full three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. The applied electric field is imposed partially along a contractive section of the journal bearings and the modified Bingham plastic model is used to describe the behavior of ER fluid. The results presented are obtained by using finite-volume-methods and solved by the semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations (SIMPLE) algorithm. In this study, cavitation effects are also considered by using the viscosity modeling. The results have shown that the influences of ER effects, caused by the applied electric field, on the journal bearing characteristics are significant and not negligible. Compared with the Newtonian lubricant case, the effects of the ER effects provide an enhancement in the load-carrying capacity, but do have little effects on the attitude angle. The quantitative effects on load-carrying capacity are more pronounced for journal bearings operating at higher values of eccentricity ratio or lower rotary speed.     

Effects of chip geometries on dielectrophoresis and electrorotation investigation

The electric fields employed for such work are generated using chips, such as planar linear interdigitated arrays or two parallel arrays. However, chip geometries usually affect the investigation of dielectrophoresis （DEP） and electrorotation （ER） significantly, and even may misdirect the theoretical prediction. In order to understand the electrodes geometries effect and provide a suitable range of parameters, three-dimensional simulations for the DEP and ER characterizations on the quadrupolar hyperbolical electrodes are carried out. Influences of the electrodes gaps, cell height, work region, energized voltage and frequencies for the DEP and ER manipulations are analyzed, and the analysis results show that the gaps of the electrodes and the cell height have enormous effects, but the work region is not so important. Moreover, depending on the theoretical analysis, ER experiments for polystyrene microspheres with the diameter of 20 ~m are carried out on two kinds of chips. The experimental results show that the microspheres rotate in the counter-field direction and the maximum rotation speed appears in the megahertz range. In addition, the experimental results are compared with the simulation results, showing that the three-dimensional simulations considering the chip geometries are more accurate than the two-dimensional predictions. This paper provides a new understanding for the theoretical predictions of DEP and ER manipulations, which decreases the difference of the theoretical and experimental results significantly, and will be significant for the lab chip research.     

一种用于自动变速器的比例电磁阀研究

介绍一种用于自动变速器的比例电磁阀结构,研究比例电磁阀的分析、设计方法及其稳态和动态特性。在结构分析的基础上,分析其工作原理,将比例电磁阀分为电场、磁场、机械和流体四部分,分析这四部分的内在耦合关系。建立各个部分的动态特性数学模型并进行耦合仿真分析,对比例电磁阀电磁特性进行研究,通过与试验结果对比,初步验证耦合仿真模型的正确性。 通过计算分析电磁阀内部参量的动态变化特性,为优化电磁阀设计奠定基础。在液压部分中,进油口采用球阀,排油口采用喷嘴挡板阀,通过控制排油口的开度可以进行流量控制,间接控制油压输出。在比例电磁阀开启时,电磁力与弹簧力的总和与球阀的液压力相平衡的工作模式,使该比例电磁阀具有开关响应快、输入电流与输出油压线性关系好的特点。研究结果表明,该比例电磁阀阀芯位移0.2 mm ,开启响应时间在2 ms以内,油压建立在4 ms以内,适用于自动变速器换挡执行回路中。     

多层滑动极板式电流变阻尼器的动力学建模

研制了一种多层滑动极板电流变阻尼器 ,并进行了阻尼器的动态特性实验。基于 Bingham塑性理论 ,提出了一种考虑电流变阻尼器的粘性阻尼和库仑阻尼效应的力学模型 ,该模型具有结构简单 ,模型参数少的特点。利用阻尼器动态实验数据 ,用参数优化方法对阻尼器力学模型进行了参数识别 ,仿真结果表明这种力学模型可以较精确地模拟该阻尼器的动态特性     

惯性冲击式运动原理的理论分析与仿真

利用拉格朗日方程建立基于惯性冲击式驱动原理的微小型机器人的动力学模型，对该模型进行求解与仿真；利用有限元分析方法对机器人机构连行模态分析与瞬态动力学分析。两种分析方法都考虑了双压电膜机构与电场的耦合关系，以及机器人的支撑与管壁之间的接触摩擦。通过对两种方法的分析结果对比，验证了惯性冲击式运动原理的正确性，以及该原理用于管内移动微小型机器人驱动是可行的。     

一种新型的ER液体剪切性能测试装置

ＥＲ液体是一种在电场作用下可改变其剪切粘性的液体、本文介绍了一种可用来考察其剪切特性的装置，利用该装置不仅可分析ＥＲ液体的力矩传递特性与电场强度、剪切速率、电极间距离等因素的关系，并且稍加改进还可利用它来考察ＥＲ液体对外电场的响应时间。这对高性能ＥＲ液体的研制及其实际的工程应用都是非常必要的、最后通过对由硅油－硅胶组成液体的剪切试验，验证了该装置的有效性。     

离子双电层动态输运特性及电场对液体油膜压力的影响

随着流体动压润滑向纳米尺度发展,离子双电层对润滑性能的影响不能忽视。考虑到润滑过程中摩擦副相对速度是可变的,提出一种考虑离子动态输运特性与流场及电场耦合的离子双电层润滑模型,分析摩擦副相对运动速度和Zeta电势差对润滑膜的影响。分析结果表明：摩擦副相对运动造成了电势不均衡分布,平衡电势偏向于运动壁面Zeta电势,且相对速度的增大加剧了不均衡性;Zeta电势差对润滑液体承载能力影响显著,当Zeta电势差从0开始增大时,双电层电黏度效应及润滑液体承载能力先增大后减小。提出的模型实现了速度可变的双电层润滑瞬态仿真,为变工况下的双电层润滑性能分析奠定理论基础。     

电流变技术研究及展望

电流变液是一种新型智能材料,在机械领域有广阔的应用前景。介绍了具有高抗剪强度的电流变液材料配制,体积比率以及温度对电流变效应的影响,电流变液的拉伸、压缩和剪切力学特性、剪切作用下的动态响应,及一些应用基础研究。指出电流变效应机理的不清楚和力学性能的不准确描述是阻碍电流变液广泛应用的重要因素,是今后电流变技术研究中必须克服的问题。     

航空发动机叶片刚柔耦合动力学分析

航空发动机叶片是航空发动机重要零件之一,常常因共振而导致断裂失效。传统航空发动机叶片的振动特性分析普遍基于零次近似耦合动力学模型,该模型忽略了动力刚化项,得到的结果具有一定局限性。为了更加准确地分析高速转动的航空发动机叶片的振动特性,对叶片刚柔耦合动力学问题进行了研究。将叶片简化为柔性薄板,考虑面外变形和面内变形,并计入了面外变形引起的面内变形,即变形耦合项。采用假设模态法描述叶片的变形,运用拉格朗日动力学方程建立了做三维空间大位移运动的柔性叶片一次近似耦合动力学方程。同时采用多体系统动力学软件MSC.ADAMS对旋转叶片的动力学性态进行了研究,并将所得的叶片动力学理论模型结果和ADAMS的结果进行了比较。结果显示一次近似耦合模型理论结果与实际结果相符,而ADAMS和零次近似耦合模型在叶片高转速时仿真结果存在缺陷。基于所得的叶片一次近似耦合模型,对叶片振动频率、“频率转向”和“振型转换”问题进行了分析,验证了所提出的方法的可行性。