表面形变强化层中裂纹的萌生与扩展

研究了缺口根部强化层中疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展。结果表明疫劳性能的提高主要归因于喷丸引起的缺口根部残余压应力,其能提高裂纹的闭合力,延缓短裂纹的扩展速率,而对萌生的作用极微。工作应力低时可出现非扩展裂纹。在残余压应力场中长裂纹的扩展可用Newman改进模型进行计算。在残余压应力峰值位置出现最大闭合力和最小裂纹扩展速率,计算和实测值基本一致。     

42CrMo4钢疲劳裂纹扩展时的残余应力及其变化

对４２ＣＣｒＭｏ４钢质调质试样疲劳裂纹扩展时的表面残余应力测定表明，在裂纹尖端前方和裂纹两则一定范围生成残余应力，裂纹尖端处压应力最大。随着裂纹的扩展压应力范围增大，最大压应力增加，表明残余应力始终处于一动态再分布过程中，与裂纹尖端区域的塑性变形直接相联系。裂纹扩展时残余应力的真实分布状态，按理想模型已不能作出圆满描述。由于裂纹尖端塑性变形区较小，选用合适的Ｘ线光栅孔长测的残余应力较为真实。     

表面疲劳短裂纹在残余压应力场中的扩展

研究Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８镍基合金表面短裂纹在喷丸残余应力场中的扩展行为。用扫描电镜中的疲劳加载装置对表面裂纹的闭合行为进行原位观察和测量。研究表明,表面短裂纹具有较穿透短裂纹更低的扩展门槛值,表面短裂纹的闭合与残余压应力场的大小和分布密切相关,残余压应力场中的表面短裂纹扩展及形状变化完全可以通过其闭合行为的变化进行解释。     

表面疲劳短裂纹在钱余应力场中的扩展

研究Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８镍基合金表面短裂纹在喷丸残余应力场中的扩展行为。用扫描电中的疲劳加载装置对表面裂纺的事行为进行原位观察和测量。研究表明，表面短裂纹具有较穿透短裂纹更低的扩展门槛值，表面短裂纹的闭合与残余压应力场的大小和分布密切相关，残余应力场中的表面短裂纹扩展及开关变化完全可以通过其闭合行为的变化进行解释。     

论渗碳钢中残余压应力的作用

本文研究结果表明,渗碳钢淬火形成的残余压应力对提高疲劳强度、多次冲击抗力、疲劳断裂韧性、宏观疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展寿命,降低疲劳缺口敏感性,和疲劳载荷抑制脆性等均起着主要的作用。表层材料强度或硬度与残余应力的相关性在于高的表层材料强度或硬度能减小残余应力的衰减,有助于发挥残余应力对疲劳性能的有利作用。长期以来对渗碳钢中微观组织和残余压应力作用的含混看法得到了澄清。     

轴承套圈强化研磨表面残余应力试验研究

结合疲劳裂纹扩展原理,分析残余压应力对材料表面的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。采用电磁无心夹具对轴承套圈进行定位,利用新型轴承强化研磨机对轴承套圈表面进行加工,基于X射线衍射法测定轴承套圈加工后的表面残余应力。试验结果表明,强化研磨加工使轴承套圈表面的残余压应力增大,提高工件服役可靠性。     

高超载比超载对Q345钢的疲劳性能的影响

采用Q345钢制作成紧凑拉伸试样,并在裂纹萌生后进行超载.通过疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究高超载比超载对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,分析其延寿机理.研究发现:较高的超载比使试样引入了残余压应力,使得有效应力强度因子降低至应力强度因子门槛值附近.可以降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率,抑制裂纹扩展,延长试样的疲劳寿命,通过此方法提高了含裂纹结构的使用寿命.     

残余应力对焊接接头CTOD设计曲线的影响

基于BISPD6493：1991初级评定，采用热弹塑性有限元分析方法，研究了残余应力和强度组配对横向裂纹平板对接接头CTOD设计曲线的影响规律。结果表明，强度组配和残余力对CTOD设计曲线具有明显的影响；残余应力对接头中的短裂纹影响较大，PD6493：1991初级评定不适用于接头中含有位于拉伸残余应力区内的短裂纹情形，随着裂纹尺寸的增大，残余应力的影响逐渐减弱；在应用PD6493：1991初级评定曲线对接头中的大裂纹情形进行评价时，将得出偏于保守的结果。     

7055-T7751铝合金预拉伸板内部残余应力分布评估

应用裂纹柔度法测量了7055-T7751铝合金预拉伸板的内部残余应力。结果表明,该板材内部残余应力近似呈外压内拉的"W型曲线"分布,其中,轧制方向最大残余拉应力约为31.3 MPa,最大残余压应力约为-23.7 MPa,宽度方向最大残余拉应力约为7.1 MPa,最大残余压应力约为-12.8 MPa。相比较于其他典型7×××系列铝合金预拉伸板,7055作为目前合金化程度最高、强度也最高的铝合金,在提高性能的同时,内部残余应力也相应提高,导致加工变形较大。     

考虑残余应力的螺旋锥齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生-扩展寿命计算方法研究

考虑渗碳、磨齿、喷丸等工艺产生的齿面残余应力,建立齿面接触应力与残余应力的复合应力场,提出一种螺旋锥齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生-扩展寿命计算方法。构建齿轮有限元接触分析模型,计算多轴交变接触应力场。考虑空间螺旋曲面残余应力分布的复杂性,将变曲率齿面离散为网状节点;测量各节点表面与次表面的残余应力,建立齿面残余应力场。基于Dang Van多轴疲劳准则,构建齿面裂纹萌生模型;计及残余应力与裂纹闭合效应,构建齿面裂纹扩展模型。计算复合应力场下齿轮接触疲劳寿命,研究残余应力对齿面裂纹萌生-扩展寿命的影响规律。结果发现：复杂齿面空间变曲率会影响喷丸等工艺产生的残余应力分布,中心区域的残余压应力高出齿面边缘区域约20%;复合应力场下齿面裂纹萌生位置与寿命主要取决于接触应力,残余应力会改变齿面节点平均应力进而影响疲劳寿命;齿面裂纹扩展寿命约占全寿命的10%,表征齿轮接触疲劳快速失效至迅速断裂。上述研究对于高性能齿轮传动的长寿命、高可靠性设计具有一定的参考价值。     

铬镍钼钢中疲劳裂纹扩张和闭合行为

本文采用中心裂纹试样,对含碳量分别为0.20%、0.40%和0.80%的三种高强度铬镍钼钢,在应力比从-1至0.5范围内,着重探讨了含碳量、热处理规范与材料强度水平对断面挤压和负应力比条件疲劳裂纹扩张与闭合行为的影响。研究表明：外加压应力使裂纹面产生强制挤压,导致塑性闭合效应降低。在相同的最大应力强度固子K max作用下,负应力比条件会促使裂纹加速扩张。当断裂机制以准解理和韧窝为主时,不同的含碳量、热处理规范和应力比条件下的裂纹扩张速率da/dn相对有效应力强度因子△K (eff)能够完全归一。在线性区,疲劳裂纹闭合行为不受K max的影响,其闭合效应是应力比和材料屈服强度的函数。     

基于疲劳短裂纹行为的疲劳寿命估算方法

在疲劳短裂纹形成和扩展行为基础上，提出了一种疲劳寿命估算方法。计算结果表明，该方法具有满意的预测精度。     

激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头进行激光冲击强化,对比强化前后焊接接头的疲劳寿命,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察断口疲劳断裂特征,并从焊接接头的显微硬度、微观组织、残余应力分布等方面综合分析激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头的强化机理。试验结果表明：未强化和强化试样均在焊缝咬边处萌生疲劳裂纹,强化试样疲劳寿命是未强化试样疲劳寿命的3.77~9.15倍,强化试样焊缝咬边处马氏体细化,显微硬度提高,焊缝表面呈残余压应力分布,焊缝咬边处残余压应力达-564.37±9.85MPa。晶粒细化和高幅值残余压应力综合作用下抑制了焊缝咬边处疲劳裂纹的萌生,且增大了裂纹扩展阻力,从而提高了焊接接头疲劳性能。     

恒幅和单峰超载疲劳裂纹尖端区域残余应力场的数值模拟

采用弹塑性有限元方法,对恒幅及不同超载比的单峰超载作用下的裂纹扩展进行有限元模拟.通过模拟得到的裂纹扩展过程中裂尖塑性区及应力(残余应力)场分析产生裂纹闭合的原因以及对裂纹扩展的影响.结果表明,从残余应力角度分析裂纹扩展是可行的,为建立基于残余应力的裂纹扩展模型提供分析基础.     

The effects of laser peening and shot peening on fretting fatigue in Ti-6Al-4V coupons

This paper describes testing of Ti-6Al-4V coupons in fretting fatigue and compares the effects of mechanical surface treatments on performance. Fretting fatigue tests were performed using a proving ring for fretting load, bridge-type fretting pads, and applied tension-tension cyclic fatigue stress. As-machined (AM), shot peened (SP), and laser peened (LP) coupons were evaluated, and data generated to compare residual stress, surface condition, lifetime, and fractographic detail encountered for each. Near-surface residual stress in SP and LP coupons was similar. The layer of compressive residual stress was far deeper in LP coupons than in SP coupons and, consequently, subsurface tensile residual stress was significantly greater in LP coupons than in SP coupons. SP coupons exhibited a rough surface and had the greatest volume of fretting-induced wear. LP coupons exhibited a wavy surface and had a small volume of wear localized at wave peaks. SP coupons had the greatest fretting fatigue lifetime, with significant improvement over AM coupons. Lifetimes of LP coupons were similar to those for SP coupons at high fatigue stress, but fell between AM and SP coupons at lower fatigue stress. Fractographic evaluation showed that fractures of AM samples were preceded by initiation of fretting-induced cracks, transition of a lead fretting crack to mode-I fatigue crack growth, and crack growth to failure. SP and LP samples exhibited behavior similar to AM samples at high fatigue stress, but in coupons tested at low stress the lead crack initiated subsurface, near the measured depth of maximum tensile residual stress, despite the presence of fretting-induced cracks. The level of fatigue stress above which lead cracks were initiated by fretting was higher for LP than for SP, and was predicted with good accuracy using an analysis based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, the fatigue crack growth threshold stress intensity factor range, and superposition of measured residual stress and applied fatigue stress.     

循环压缩应力作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展机制研究

裂纹在循环压缩载荷作用下的扩展已经被实验证实,但是由于难以进行观测因而无法准确描述,另外裂纹面在压缩载荷的作用下会出现闭合现象也增加了问题的复杂性。文中通过有限元方法,建立三种几何条件的裂纹模型,考虑裂纹面接触问题,进而对循环压缩载荷作用下的裂纹萌生扩展进行分析。结果表明,裂尖区域在循环压缩载荷作用下的残余拉伸应力是导致裂纹扩展的重要因素。同时,还对不同裂尖几何在裂纹描述的合理性方面提出一些看法。研究表明,裂纹在循环压缩载荷作用下的扩展能力是有限的、稳定的。     

Analysis of Fretting Fatigue of Cavitation Shotless Peened Ti–6Al–4V

Fretting fatigue behavior of cavitation shotless peened titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V coupons was investigated using finite element method and a critical plane-based multi-axial fatigue parameter. Cavitation shotless peening (CSP)-induced compressive residual stress, which was larger at the contact surface than its counterpart from the shot peening (SP). However, compressive residual stress decreased more sharply with distance from the contact surface in CSP than in SP. Analysis using a critical plane-based multi-axial fatigue parameter demonstrated that the crack initiation would occur inside the cavitation shotless peened specimen which matched with the experimental observations. On the other hand, crack initiation would occur on the contact surface in the shot peened specimen which again was in agreement with experiments. The analysis also showed that the crack propagation part of the total fretting fatigue life was longer in the shot peened specimen than in the cavitation shotless peened specimen while the crack initiation part was almost equal from both peening methods. Therefore, CSP could not improve the fretting fatigue life/strength as much as the SP did but it improved relative to the un-peened specimen.