Evolution of the microstructure of a VT6 alloy during friction stir welding

The evolution of the microstructure of a VT6 alloy during friction stir welding (FSW) is studied. The β-α phase transformation that takes place after FSW is found to obey the Burgers orientation relationship. The granular structure and the crystallographic texture of the high-temperature β phase are reconstructed. The mechanisms of structural evolution during FSW are discussed.     

Electrospark alloying of the titanium alloy VT6 with tungsten-free hard alloys

The mass transfer kinetics and alloying elements distribution in a coating layer on the titanium alloy VT6 were investigated, as well as the properties of the layer after electrospark alloying with tungsten free electrodes based on the refractory compounds of titanium and zirconium nitride. !t was shown that the microhardness of the alloyed layer is 3-S times, and of the heat affected zone 1.5-2.0 times greater than that of the initial material. The resistance of the coated samples to high-temperature oxidation was also substantially higher.     

Influence of hydrogen on oxidation of the VT6Ch alloy

The effect of doping the VT6Ch titanium alloy with hydrogen on the structure and hardness of gassaturated layers on the surface of this material has been studied during heating in air in the temperature range t = 800–1050°C. Manifestation of two effects associated with hydrogen is shown: (i) reduction of the temperature of the α + β/β transition by hydrogen, owing to which the interaction of the alloy with oxygen in the β region starts at lower temperatures; and (ii) change in kinetic parameters of interaction by hydrogen.     

Phase transitions and microstructure of a laser-induced steel surface alloying

Alloying the surface of AISI 1045 steel with CrB by laser irradiation causes partial dissolution of the chromium boride in the melt and the formation of different borides of Fe and Cr in the treated layer. At a low laser scan velocity (0.01 m/s), the dissolution of CrB is almost complete, and the microstructure and properties of the top layer are uniform. At a higher scan velocity (0.05 m/s), a large number of CrB particles remain undissolved in the layer, and its properties are heterogeneous. The matrix consists of columns of iron boride, with up to 20 pct Cr dissolved in it, and between them a eutectic containing α-Fe and chromium-boride with dissolved Fe. Iron boride grows on a transitional layer of Cr₂B coating the surface of residual CrB particles, which cannot serve as nucleation sites because of the incompatibility of their crystal structure with that of (Fe,Cr)₂B.     

Effect of scandium and zirconium alloying on microstructure and gaseous hydrogen storage properties of YFe3

RM₃ compounds (R = rare earth metals, M = transition metals) have rarely been studied for gaseous hydrogen storage applications because of unfavorable thermodynamics. In this work, the hydrogen storage properties of a single-phase YFe₃ alloy were improved by non-stoichiometric composition and alloying with Sc and Zr. Only the Y_1.1–ySc_yFe₃ (y = 0.22, 0.33) alloys consist of a single rhombohedral phase. The Sc substitution for Y leads to the reduction in the unit cell volume of the YFe₃ phase, and thus significantly increases the dehydriding equilibrium pressure and decreases the dehydrogenation temperature. The alloy Y_0.77Sc_0.33Fe₃ delivers a decomposition enthalpy change of 33.54 kJ/mol and a lowest dehydrogenation temperature of 135 °C, in comparison with 38.99 kJ/mol and 165 °C for the alloy Y_1.1Fe₃. The Zr substitution causes a similar thermodynamic destabilization effect, but the composition and microstructure of Y–Zr–Fe alloys need to be further optimized.     

Combined hardening of alloy Ti-6Al sheet workpieces during reversible hydrogen alloying

The effect of the initial hydrogen concentration, warm rolling, and vacuum annealing conditions on the formation of the phase composition, structure, and mechanical properties of rolled sheet workpieces made of a Ti-6Al α alloy is studied. When the initial hydrogen concentration increases to C _Hⁱⁿⁱ = 0.3–0.9%, the grain size decreases and the phase composition of the alloy is complicated. In the grain size range 27–5 μm, the yield strength of the alloy obeys the Hall-Petch relation with the lattice friction stress σ _i = 662 MPa. When the initial hydrogen concentration increases, the grain-boundary hardening intensity and the yield strength increase. At an average α grain size of 5 μm, the yield strength increases from 770 MPa in the alloy with C _Hⁱⁿⁱ = 0.004% to 970 MPa in the alloy with C _Hⁱⁿⁱ = 0.7%. The maximum yield strength (σ_y = 1064 MPa) is obtained for the alloy with C _Hⁱⁿⁱ= 0.5% after vacuum annealing at 650°C. The conditions and contributions of solid-solution hardening, grain-boundary hardening, precipitation hardening induced by the formation of the α₂ phase, and strain hardening to the total hardening of the alloy are considered.     

Impact toughness of layered VT6 alloy semiproducts

Layered semiproducts produced by pressure welding of sheet workpieces of a VT6 titanium alloy are studied. Possible methods of achieving isotropic mechanical properties of the semiproducts are discussed. The pores that are present in solid-phase joint zones are found not to influence the impact toughness of the samples in which layers lie perpendicular to a notch. The fracture surface has a ductile character with certain fracture zones.     

The effect of hydrogen as a temporary alloying element on the microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V

Ti-6Al-4V alloy, to which 0.6 wt pct to 1.0 wt pct (22 to 33 at. pct) hydrogen has been added, can undergo a phase transformation which produces unique, fine microstructures. Specimens of the alloy were heated to 870°C, transformed at temperatures between 540°C and 700°C, and the microstructures were determined as a function of hydrogen content and transformation temperature. Microstructures and tensile properties of sheet specimens were determined after such transformation followed by dehydrogenation at temperatures between 650°C and 760°C. The highest yield strength (1130 MPa) and good ductility (9 pct El) were associated with a fine equiaxed microstructure obtained in material charged with approximately 1.0 wt pct hydrogen, transformed at 565°C and dehydrogenated at 675°C. Lower strengths and ductilities were associated with acicular microstructures produced by transformation at higher temperatures or coarser structures producted at higher dehydrogenation temperatures.     

Laser surface alloying of ni film on al-based alloy

Based on SIMS analyses, X-ray diffraction patterns, scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations and chemical analyses at various scales, the mechanisms of LASER surface alloying of Ni coating of Al-based alloy have been investigated. The formation of Al₃Ni primary dendrites in the case of the low thickness of the initial Ni coating is reported and a double dendritic mode is observed in the case of the thicker coating, Al₃Ni₂ followed by Al₃Ni dendrites. A segregation in Si has been observed just below the exposed surface and related to the dendritic solidification mode. The optimized surface treatment parameters have been experimentally determined as a function of the initial thickness of the Ni coating.     

Experimental and theoretical study of the effect of hydrogen on the creep and long-term strength of VT6 titanium alloy

The effect of the concentration of preliminarily introduced hydrogen on the creep and long-term strength of VT6 (Ti-6Al-4V) titanium alloy is studied experimentally and theoretically at a temperature of 600°C and nominal stresses of 47–217 MPa. Tests show that the presence of hydrogen in the titanium alloy (to 0.3 wt %) increases the time to failure and decreases the steady-state-creep rate and the ultimate strain by several times. A kinetic theory is used to simulate creep up to failure. The specific features of the macroscopic characteristics of creep are studied along with the evolution of the structural state of the alloy.     

合金元素对机械合金化和放电等离子烧结Ti-Nb基合金显微组织的影响

β-Ti型结构的钛基材料在生物材料领域具有广泛的应用前景。本文采用机械合金化法和放电等离子烧结制备β-Ti型Ti-Nb基合金,研究不同Nb,Fe含量对合金显微组织及力学性能的影响。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)等手段分析合金的显微组织变化情况。结果表明:机械合金化过程中,粉末的平均粒度减小,当球磨时间超过60 h时粉末易发生团聚。当球磨转速为300 r/min,球料比为12:1,Ti和Nb的质量分数分别为64%和24%时,球磨100 h后制备的粉体材料中具有一定体积的非晶相。该粉末在1 000℃下通过放电等离子烧结(SPS)制备具有均匀细小的球状晶粒组织的Ti-Nb合金,其强度、伸长率和弹性模量分别为2 180MPa,6.7%和55 GPa。通过控制Nb,Fe的含量,可以促进β-Ti相形成,获得高强度和低杨氏模量的Ti-Nb合金。     

合金元素对焊丝钢氧化皮结构及剥离性的影响

利用金相、扫描电镜观察及电子探针(EPMA)面分析技术等研究了合金元素(Si、Mn、Ni、Cr)对焊丝钢盘条氧化皮显微结构的影响,并采用拉伸试验及酸洗试验评价氧化皮的剥离性。结果表明,Si、Ni和Cr元素对氧化皮显微结构的影响大于Mn元素;低碳钢的氧化皮主要为Fe的氧化物,其最内层和中间层的氧化物均以柱状晶形式垂直基体向外生长;在低碳钢基础上增加Si含量,可显著降低氧化皮总厚度,氧化皮最内层为富Si层,且氧化皮/基体界面的凹凸度增加;进一步增加Ni含量,最内层的合金富集层以锚状沿晶界向基体内延伸。降低氧化皮/基体界面凹凸度、减少合金富集层均利于氧化皮剥离,机械法对界面凹凸度更敏感,而酸洗法对氧化皮缺陷数量较敏感。     

添加元素Cu、Mo对镍基合金喷焊层组织和性能的影响

选择两种(Ni-A、Ni-B)成分不同的Ni基合金粉末,在STB A22钢基体上用火焰喷焊技术制备两种喷焊层.XRD和SEM背散射电子实验结果表明,喷焊层内的基体都是Ni和Ni₃Fe相,其中Ni-A的基体中含有少量Cu.在Ni-A、Ni-B的喷焊层内分布有大量富Cr硬质第二相,在Ni-A的喷焊层中,该相有两种形态,且含有较多Mo元素.在Ni-B的喷焊层中,第二相分布均匀,且无Mo元素.高温硬度实验表明,由于喷焊层中形成了富Cr硬质第二相,Ni-A、Ni-B喷焊层的硬度较高,而由于Ni-A第二相中含有较多Mo元素,Ni-A的高温硬度比Ni-B高,两种喷焊层的高温硬度均比基材常温时高70%以上.     

Effect of alloying elements on the solidification characteristics and microstructure of Al- Si- Cu- Mg- Fe 380 alloy

The effect of varying the major alloying elements within the limits of specification on the solidification behavior, fluidity, and microstructure of a 380 alloy has been studied at two cooling rates. The thermal analysis technique has been used to study the solidification behavior. The alloying elements investigated ranged from 3.22 to 4.09 pct copper, 1.01 to 1.70 pct iron, 0.06 to 0.50 pct magnesium, 1.69 to 3.00 pct zinc, and 0.16 to 0.46 pct manganese. The results show that the solidification behavior of the 380 alloys is complicated, and the cooling curve at 0.4 ‡C/s indicates six reactions taking place during the process of solidification. Cooling curves obtained for each of the alloying element additions, their analysis, and the resultant microstructures are discussed.     

热处理制度对汽车用TC6钛合金组织及性能的影响

采用四种不同热处理制度对汽车用TC6钛合金棒材进行了等温退火试验,并进行了试样显微组织、耐磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能测试与分析.结果 表明,采用"870℃保温1.5 h,炉冷至600℃保温2h,空冷"热处理制度(1#试样)时,合金的耐磨损和耐腐蚀性能最差;采用"900℃保温1.5h,炉冷至600℃保温2h,空冷"热处理制度(...     

微观组织和氢陷阱对抗硫管氢扩散系数的影响

利用激光共聚焦显微镜(LCSM)和电化学工作站对油井管的微观组织和氢扩散性能进行分析,利用透射电镜(TEM)对油井管的析出相和位错进行分析。结果表明:油井管的微观组织为回火索氏体,调质处理改变了油井管的微观组织和氢陷阱状态,进而改变了氢扩散系数。随着调质次数的增加,强度先升高,后降低,氢扩散系数先缓慢增加,然后成倍数增加。2次调质处理后,高密度位错和弥散析出相的交互作用较强,位错和晶界组成的短路扩散为氢扩散的主要路径;3次调质处理后,位错密度降低和析出相数量减少,短路扩散效应失去作用,沿着晶粒内部扩散成为氢扩散的主要路径。经过2次调质处理的油井管具有组织均匀、晶粒细小,位错密度高和析出相细小弥散的特点,具有最佳的力学性能和较低的氢扩散系数。     

Effect of the initial hydrogen concentration and vacuum-annealing modes on the structure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of sheet billets of the VT6 alloy: Part 2. Effect of the phase composition and grain size on mechanical properties of sheet billets of the VT6 alloy

The effect of the size of the α grain and the phase composition on the mechanical properties of sheet billets of the VT6 alloy after hot rolling with the use of reversible alloying by hydrogen is investigated. To evaluate the contribution of various hardening mechanisms to the total hardening of the alloy, the Hall-Petch relationship σ_y = σ _i + k _h d ^?1/2 is used. The possibility for its use to evaluate the intragrained and grain-boundary hardening of the VT6 α + β alloy in comparison with the Ti-6Al α alloy and commercial titanium is shown.     

Effect of cerium/lanthanum addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al7075 alloy via mechanical alloying and sintering

The effect of the Al-6Ce-3La(ACL) on the microstructural behavior of the Al7075 was investigated. Materials were synthesized by mechanical alloying with variation in the ACL content and milling time. Products were characterized and studied in the as-milled condition and mechanically evaluated after sintering. The synergetic effect of milling time and ACL content in the modified materials led to a reduction in the particle size. Results from electron microscopy showed a homogeneous dispersion of Ce/La phases up to 20 wt.% of ACL content after 10 h of milling. Mechanical evaluation under compressive test showed an improved performance for those alloys reinforced with 0.2 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% of ACL.     

Short-term creep of a VT1-0 titanium alloy during heating in a hydrogen atmosphere

The short-term creep of a VT1-0 titanium alloy is studied during heating in air or a hydrogen atmosphere at various tensile stresses. The dependences of the short-term creep limit on the heating temperature are found.