Trends and prospects of development of geothermal power engineering

Analysis of the state and prospects of geothermal energetics development in Russia and foreign countries is carried out. Trends of improving the geothermal energy technologies are considered. An estimation of the development of promising binary power units for electric energy production by using low-temperature geothermal and other heat sources is given. The geothermal projects being dominant and best suited to be implemented in Russia are estimated.     

Dye-sensitized solar cells: Present state and prospects for future development

Modern achievements and main lines of research in the field of dye-sensitized solar cells are reviewed. Advantages of this method for converting solar energy are shown. The possibilities of making the devices more efficient and prospects for their future development are considered.     

Prospects of development of highly mineralized high-temperature resources of the Tarumovskoye geothermal field

The promising nature of integrated processing of high-temperature geothermal brines of the Tarumovskoye geothermal field is shown. Thermal energy of a geothermal brine can be converted to the electric power at a binary geothermal power plant (GPP) based on low-boiling working substance. The thermodynamic Rankine cycles are considered which are implemented in the GPP secondary loop at different evaporation temperatures of the working substance―isobutane. Among them, the most efficient cycle from the standpoint of attaining a maximum power is the supercritical one which is close to the so-called triangular cycle with an evaporation pressure of р_e = 5.0 MPa. The used low-temperature brine is supplied from the GPP to a chemical plant, where main chemical components (lithium carbonate, burnt magnesia, calcium carbonate, and sodium chloride) are extracted from it according to the developed technology of comprehensive utilization of geothermal brines of chloride-sodium type. The waste water is delivered to the geotechnological complex and other consumers. For producing valuable inorganic materials, the electric power generated at the GPP is used. Owing to this, the total self-sufficiency of production and independence from external conditions is achieved. The advantages of the proposed geotechnological complex are the full utilization of the heat potential and the extraction of main chemical components of multiparameter geothermal resources. In this case, there is no need for reverse pumping, which eliminates the significant capital costs for building injection wells and a pumping station and the operating costs for their service. A characteristic of the modern state of the field and estimated figures of the integrated processing of high-temperature brines of well no. 6 are given, from which it follows that the proposed technology has a high efficiency. The comprehensive development of the field resources will make it possible to improve the economic structure of the region and fully meet the needs of Russia in lithium carbonate and sodium chloride.     

Technologies for the exploration of highly mineralized geothermal resources

The prospects of the integrated processing of the high-parameter geothermal resources of the East Ciscaucasia of artesian basin (ECAB) with the conversion of their heat energy into electric energy at a binary geoPP and the subsequent extraction of solved chemical compounds from thermal waters are evaluated. The most promising areas for the exploration such resources are overviewed. The integrated exploration of hightemperature hydrogeothermal brines is a new trend in geothermal power engineering, which can make it possible to significantly increase the production volume of hydrogeothermal resources and develop the geothermal field at a higher level with the realization of the energy-efficient advanced technologies. The large-scale exploration of brines can solve the regional problems of energy supply and import substitution and fulfill the need of Russia in food and technical salt and rare elements. The necessity of the primary integrated exploration of the oil-field highly mineralized brines of the South Sukhokumskii group of gas–oil wells of Northern Dagestan was shown in view of the exacerbated environmental problems. Currently, the oil-field brines with the radioactive background exceeding the allowable levels are discharged at disposal fields. The technological solutions for their deactivation and integrated exploration are proposed. The realization of the proposed technological solutions provides 300 t of lithium carbonate, 1650 t of caustic magnesite powder, 27300 t of chemically precipitated chalk, 116100 t of food salt, and up to 1.4 mln m³ of desalinated water from oil-field brines yearly. Desalinated water at the output of a geotechnological complex can be used for different economic needs, which is important for the arid North Caucasus region, where the fresh water deficiency is acute, especially in its plain part within the ECAB.     

Harnessing the geothermal resources of sedimentary basins for electricity production

Use of geothermal resources for generating electricity is briefly analyzed. Results obtained from optimization of the thermodynamic cycle implemented in the secondary coolant circuit of a binary geothermal power station and the parameters of its primary heat carrier circuit are presented.     

Up-to-date development of lithium-ion batteries in Japan

In this paper, the authors review the up-to-date development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), focusing mainly on the situation in Japan. The materials, constructions, and electrochemical performance of the latest commercially available LIBs, including lithium polymer batteries, which have come onto the market only fairly recently, are described in the first half of this article. The authors then discuss the recent trends in the development of battery materials for LIBs as well as those of large-scale LIBs     

Process monitoring systems at Mosenergo cogeneration stations: the present state and prospects for future development

The state of systems for monitoring the operation of power installations is analyzed. Problems encountered during the introduction of systems for monitoring and metering the generation of electricity and heat are discussed.     

Technologies for the Comprehensive Exploitation of the Geothermal Resources of the North Caucasus Region

Technology for the integrated development of low-temperature geothermal resources using the thermal and water potentials for various purposes is proposed. The heat of the thermal waters is utilized in a low-temperature district heating system and for heating the water in a hot water supply system. The water cooled in heat exchangers enters a chemical treatment system where it is conditioned into potable water quality and then forwarded to the household and potable water supply system. Efficient technologies for removal of arsenic and organic contaminants from the water have been developed. For the uninterrupted supply of the consumers with power, the technologies that use two and more types of renewable energy sources (RESs) have the best prospects. Technology for processing organic waste using the geothermal energy has been proposed. According to this technology, the geothermal water is divided into two flows, one of which is delivered to a biomass conversion system and the other is directed to a geothermal steam-gas power plant (GSGP). The wastewater arrives at the pump station from which it is pumped back into the bed. Upon drying, the biogas from the conversion system is delivered into the combustion chamber of a gas-turbine plant (GTP). The heat of the turbine exhaust gases is used in the GSGP to evaporate and reheat the low-boiling working medium. The working medium is heated in the GSGP to the evaporation temperature using the heat of the thermal water. High-temperature geothermal brines are the most promising for the comprehensive processing. According to the proposed technology, the heat energy of the brines is utilized to generate the electric power at a binary geothermal power station; the electric power is then used to extract the dissolved chemical components from the rest of the brine. The comprehensive utilization of high-temperature brines of the East-Precaucasian Artesian Basin will allow to completely satisfy the demand of Russia for lithium carbonate and sodium chloride.     

Motor biofuels: The state and prospects of technology development in Russia and in the world

A brief review of the production status and motor fuel consumption in Russia and in the world is presented. A list of modern technologies for fuels (motor, aviation, and rocket) synthesized from different types of biomass by means of the catalytic synthesis method is given.     

Pilot projects of network wind power plants in the eisk region of Krasnodar krai: the state and prospects

The market of electric energy in the Krasnodar krai and the specific features of electric power supply in the Eisk region are analyzed. The basic aspects of designing wind power plants are considered. The main technical, economic, and environmental indicators of the wind power plants being designed are presented.     

水源热泵在甘肃张掖地区的发展现状和推广前景

阐述水源热泵的工作原理和特点,分析水源热泵在张掖地区的发展现状、优越条件和推广前景,通过工程实例对比,分析建设水源热泵的长期经济效益,并对在张掖地区进一步推广水源热泵提出相关建议。     

企业档案工作发展的前景

企业档案工作是企业的一项基础工作,通过文书档案、科技档案、会计档案、声像档案、实物档案等,论述企业档案工作的重要性。     

Basic lines of and prospects for the development of biopower engineering

It is shown that three vitally important problems of mankind, namely, reduction of the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, abatement of pollution of the atmosphere and surface waters, and, finally, replacement of fossil fuels by renewable sources of energy can be solved by developing commercial-scale cultivation of algae. The technological problems that must be solved to develop and construct industrial complexes for cultivating algae with utilizing emissions from fuel-using and power-generating facilities are discussed.     

The state of work on automated monitoring and control of water chemistry at power stations and prospects for their future development

Materials on an automated system for chemical monitoring and control (ASCMC) of the water chemistry in the steam-water path of a thermal power station are presented. The equipment of the main subsystems within the ASCMC is considered, including its process subsystem, which comprises automatic analyzers of the quality of the steam-water path, and the information-computational subsystem. The latter is implemented using a hardware and software system that acquires, processes, and transmits information to the work-stations of the operators in charge of the water chemistry of the thermal power station.     

Demand of the power industry of Russia for gas turbines: the current state and prospects

The use of gas-turbine plants (GTPs) in the power industry of Russia is analyzed. Attention is paid to microturbines and low-, medium-, high-, and superhigh-power GTPs. The efficiency of the gas-turbine plants of domestic and foreign manufacture is compared. The actual values of the installed capacity utilization factor and the corresponding efficiency values are calculated for most GTPs operating in the country. The long-term demand of the country’s electric power industry for GTPs for the period until 2040 is determined. The estimates have been obtained for three basic applications of the gas turbines, viz., for replacement of the GTPs that have exhausted their lifetime, replacement of outdated gas-turbine plants at gas-and-oilburning power plants, and construction of new thermal power plants to cover the anticipated growing demand for electric power. According to the findings of the research, the main item in the structure of the demand for GTPs will be their use to replace the decommissioned steam-turbine plants, predominantly those integrated into combined-cycle plants. The priority of the reconstruction of the thermal power plants in operation over the construction of new ones is determined by the large excess of accumulated installed capacities in the country and considerable savings on capital costs using production sites with completed infrastructure. It is established that medium- and high-power GTPs will be the most in-demand plants in the electric power industry. The demand for low-power GTPs will increase at high rates. The demand for microturbines is expected to be rather great. The demand for superhigh-power plants will become quantitatively significant after 2025 and grow rapidly afterwards. The necessity of accelerated development of competitive domestic GTPs with a wide range of capacities and mastering of their series manufacture as well as production of licensed gas turbines at a high production localization level on the territory of the country is shown. Considerable home demand for the power-generating GTPs and vast external markets will make the development of efficient domestic GTPs economically viable.     

我国镉镍蓄电池的技术发展现状与展望

我国镍资源丰富.自80年代以来,各类镉镍电池迅速发展,各种新型极板被开发,生产厂家从几家扩展到几十家,老厂进行了大规模的技术改造.我国镉镍电池产值从1990年的约2亿元人民币增至1995年的10多亿元.我国镉镍电池的生产技术水平与发达国家的差距正在迅速缩小.我国镉镍电池行业应以不断提高产品质量、增强出口竞争能力作为今后的主攻方向.     

离子交换膜燃料电池技术的发展和应用前景

介绍了世界上离子(质子)交换膜燃料电池的最新进展.目前,已商品化的单体电池有效工作面积780cm~2,铂催化剂载量1～4mg/cm~2,工作温度80℃,采用纯氢和纯氧为燃料和氧化剂,工作压力为1.03×10~5～4.48×10~5Pa,工作电流密度为500mA/cm~2时,电池工作电压可达0.7V,工作寿命可达10000～20000h.这种电池在潜艇、飞船及电动汽车等领域有良好的应用前景.     

开发陶瓷膜燃料电池(CMFC)大有可为

固体氧化物燃料电池 (SOFC)是世界公认的高效、便捷和对环境友好的绿色能源。探索新型的高电导率电解质材料和发展薄膜化制备技术 ,研制高性能的中温陶瓷膜燃料电池以克服传统SOFC的高温操作带来的技术困难 ,近几年来取得了突破性进展 ,简要介绍了这一历史性进程 ,特别是作者实验室的工作进展。提出了我国陶瓷膜燃料电池产业化的构想 ,展望了这种先进能源的发展前景     

电动自行车用铅酸蓄电池无镉化发展的前景

通过对镉的毒性分析、铅酸蓄电池生产、使用、回收的污染的分析、舍镉蓄电池与无镉蓄电池的差异分析、技术关键性分析、行业自律和行业规范等方面的分析,认为电动车用铅酸蓄电池无镉化是必然的发展趋势。     

西藏地热能开发利用现状及发展前景

西藏地处青藏高原腹地,海拔4 000 m以上的地区占全区总面积的85%,地热资源非常丰富。为实现地热资源的合理开采,结合国家“双碳”战略,对西藏地热资源的开发利用现状进行了全面梳理,提出了地热产业未来发展的建议。分析表明：西藏水热型和干热岩型地热资源存储量大、品质好,发电潜力巨大,而浅层地热资源主要分布在拉萨,可结合热泵技术为当地供暖。目前在地质勘查、技术改进、装备研发、运营管理等方面仍存在一些问题,需开展有机朗肯循环机组研发、搭建增强型地热系统实验平台,科学地开发深层地热能。研究表明：西藏地热资源开发利用应遵循“勘测为基、发电为主、供暖为辅、装备提升、梯级利用”的原则,推进地热资源的科学开采和高效利用,完善地热产业链,从而有效改善西藏地区能源消费结构。