电石渣在电厂烟气脱硫中的应用

二氧化硫是大气的主要污染物之一,火电厂采用烟气脱硫系统可以大大减少二氧化硫的排放,电石渣作脱硫剂,可以应用于不同的脱硫工艺中.通过对电石渣物理性质、消溶特性及脱硫机理的分析,主要介绍了在湿法烟气脱硫、半干法烟气脱硫、干法烟气脱硫和循环流化床炉内脱硫工艺巾的应用,对特定行业的脱硫改造有很好的借鉴意义.     

电石渣脱硫系统在热电厂的成功应用

国内外电厂烟气脱硫成熟技术很多，但对国内电厂而言都存在着投资大、运行成本高等问题。因此需要有一种适合企业自身特点、投资最省、运行成本最低，而效率相对较高的脱硫技术来为企业解难。实践证明，采用NID工艺，改用电石渣作脱硫剂，对有稳定的电石渣来源的电厂是非食适合的烟气脱硫途径。     

电石渣在电厂脱硫中的应用

塔山电厂2×600 MW机组同时配套建设石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫装置,脱硫系统设计吸收剂为石灰石。为了提高脱硫效率,减少生产成本,塔山电厂预采用了电石渣作为脱硫吸收剂替代石灰石。为了系统获得电石渣替代石灰石后的脱硫系统的运行性能,评价电石渣的脱硫效果,塔山电厂采用电石渣时脱硫系统的运行性能进行现场测试。     

电石渣浆在大型火电机组烟气脱硫中的应用

介绍了太原第一热电厂利用太化集团氯碱分公司废电石渣浆在大型发电机组上进行烟气脱硫的试验情况。并对电石渣脱硫的可行性、经济性进行了分析。提出了电石渣综合利用的循环经济模式。     

Honey Well Plant Scape Vista/HC900系统在电厂烟气脱硫综合自动化工程中的应用

本文介绍山东恒通化工电厂首创了电石渣浆作为脱硫剂在锅炉烟气脱硫中的应用。既达到了烟气脱硫的目的,又解决电石渣的堆放及对环境的污染问题。     

燃煤电厂电石渣-石膏湿法烟气脱硫试验及应用分析

对电石渣的物理性质和成分进行了分析,对电石渣的脱硫效果、粒径和电石渣浆液的氧化和结晶进行了实验。结果表明:与石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫相比,电石渣-石膏湿法脱硫吸收剂粒径较大,脱硫效果更好,石膏浆液的氧化和结晶难度较大。分析了电石渣-石膏湿法烟气脱硫在燃煤电厂的应用所存在的粒径较大、pH值难控制以及石膏脱水难度较大等问题,并提出了相应的解决建议。以某600 MW大型电厂的实际应用案列阐述了电石渣作为吸收剂在湿法脱硫应用的经济性与碳减排的社会效应。     

电石渣在湿法脱硫中的消溶特性

采用盐酸模拟烟气中的SO2，在釜式反应器中研究了溶液pH值和温度对湿法烟气脱硫中电石渣的消溶特性的影响。实验结果表明：溶液pH值越小，电石渣的消溶速率越快，且在实验控制条件下所达到的最终消溶率也越大；消溶速率随着温度的升高而加快。实验测出了不同工况下电石渣的最终消溶率，并得出了电石渣消溶特性的经验公式。     

混合电石渣球团宽温域同步脱硫脱硝性能研究

通过成型-破碎方法将固废电石渣、污泥和生物质造粒，研究了混合电石渣球团在不同可燃质添加比例/不同温度下的同步脱硫脱硝性能及燃烧动力学．结果表明：混合电石渣球团燃烧动力学均符合三维扩散模型；相比纯电石渣，550～850℃宽温域下所有混合电石渣球团脱硫性能均显著提高且具备了较高脱硝能力，最大脱硫效率均可达到90%～100%，最大脱硝效率可达70%以上．球团中生物质的加入明显提高了固硫产物层扩散控制阶段的扩散系数．球团中污泥和生物质添加量越大，同步脱硫脱硝效率越高，脱硝持续时间越长，且两类球团的耐磨强度均存在最佳添加量，该研究具有较好的工业应用前景．     

有机酸添加剂强化电石渣脱硫的试验研究

在鼓泡吸收装置中分别进行了电石渣与石灰石浆液脱硫性能试验,研究了3种不同有机酸添加剂对电石渣pH缓冲能力、脱硫效率和电石渣利用率的影响.结果表明:电石渣浆液在脱硫过程中的pH缓冲能力远远低于石灰石浆液;加入添加剂延长了维持高脱硫效率的时间,在相同条件下3种添加剂的强化效果依次为:柠檬酸己二酸酒石酸.     

利用电石渣给电厂脱硫

太原第一热电厂使用电石渣进行烟气脱硫,经各项测试效果很好,每年不仅可节省原使用石灰石时的各项投资1 000余万元,同时还利用了氯碱分公司的电石废渣,实现了以废治废,变废为宝的循环经济,提高了资源利用率,降低了生产成本。     

火电厂节能工作浅析

本文探讨了火电厂节能基本程序和工作方法,分析节能工作要从基础工作、技术创新、设备整治、燃烧管理等方面入手的论述.     

Uncertainties in decarbonising heat in the UK

Heating is arguably one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonise in the UK's energy system. Meeting the 80% greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2050 is likely to require that heat related emissions of CO₂ from buildings are near zero by 2050, and there is a 70% reduction in emissions from industry (from 1990 levels). Though it is clear that the use of the natural gas network will reduce over time, recent modelling suggests a limited residual role for gas by 2050 to help meet peaks in heat demand. High levels of uncertainty about the way in which heat will be decarbonised present a number of challenges to policy makers. This paper will explore the risks and uncertainties associated with the transition to a low carbon heat system in the UK as outlined by the 4th carbon budget review. The potential impact of key uncertainties on the levelised costs of heat technologies and the development of energy networks are explored using a sensitivity analysis approach. Policy changes required to decarbonise the heat sector are also examined.     

Viscous heating in liquid flows in micro-channels

Many experimental works on forced convection through micro-channels evidenced that when the hydraulic diameter is less than 1 mm, conventional theory can no longer be considered as suitable to predict the pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficients. This conclusion seemed valid for both gas and liquid flows. Sometimes the authors justified this claim by invoking “new” micro-effects. On the contrary, in this paper the explanation of the experimental results obtained for micro-channels in terms of friction factors will be researched inside the conventional theory (Navier-Stokes equations). In particular, this paper will focus on the role of viscous heating in fluids flowing through micro-channels. A criterion will be presented to draw the limit of significance for viscous dissipation effects in micro-channel flows. The role of the cross-sectional geometry on viscous dissipation will be highlighted and the minimum Reynolds number for which viscous dissipation effects can no longer be neglected will be calculated as a function of the hydraulic diameter and of the micro-channel geometry for different fluids. It will be demonstrated how viscous effects can explain some experimental results on the Poiseuille numbers in micro-channels, which recently appeared in the open literature.     

Solar drying in sludge management in Turkey

Two main wastewater treatment plants in Bursa city in Turkey will start to operate and produce at least 27,000 tons of dry solids per year by the end of 2006. The purpose of this study was to investigate an economical solution to the sludge management problem that Bursa city would encounter. The general trend in Turkey is mechanical dewatering to obtain a dry solid (DS) content of 20%, and liming the mechanically dewatered sludge to reach the legal landfilling requirement, 35% DS content. This study recommends limited liming & solar drying as an alternative to only-liming the mechanically dewatered sludge. Open and covered solar sludge drying plants were constructed in pilot scale for experimental purposes. Dry solids and climatic conditions were constantly measured. Faecal coliform reduction was also monitored. The specially designed covered solar drying plant proved to be more efficient than the open plant in terms of drying and faecal coliform reduction. It was found that, if the limited liming & solar drying method was applied after mechanical dewatering instead of only-liming method, the total amount of the sludge to be disposed would be reduced by approximately 40%. This would lead to a reduction in the transportation, handling, and landfilling costs. The covered drying system would amortize itself in 4 years.     

Electoral cycles in electricity losses in India

A third of electricity in India is lost each year, where losses refer to power that is supplied but not billed. Utilizing data from the power corporation of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state, we study the politics of electricity losses. Examining annual data over four decades, we document that UP's electricity losses tend to increase in periods immediately prior to state assembly elections. Drawing upon geographically disaggregated data for the period 2000–09, we observe higher line losses just prior to the 2002 and 2007 state elections. Our analysis shows that the incumbent party was more likely to retain the assembly seat as line losses in the locality increased. We interpret these results as corroboration that political parties deliberately redirect electricity to flat rate and unbilled users in a context of chronically inadequate supply. Political factors appear to affect line losses in ways that technical and economic factors alone cannot explain.     

中国可再生能源发展状况、展望及政策措施建议

2010年我国可再生能源步入全面规模化开发利用阶段,水电装机总量突破2亿kW,风电并网运营容量突破3000万kW,太阳能发电市场开始启动,生物质能多元化快速发展。但实现中长期战略发展目标的任务仍然艰巨。2011年,新可再生能源发展规划目标将出台,应着力完善可再生能源市场、价格、财税等政策,重点出台新能源配额制、落实可再生能源发电全额保障性收购制度,促进可再生能源电力尤其是风电的上网和消纳。     

Progress in use of surfactant in nearly static conditions in natural gas hydrate formation

Natural gas hydrate is an alternative energy source with a great potential for development. The addition of surfactants has been found to have practical implications on the acceleration of hydrate formation in the industrial sector. In this paper, the mechanisms of different surfactants that have been reported to promote hydrate formation are summarized. Besides, the factors influencing surfactant-promoted hydrate formation, including the type, concentration, and structure of the surfactant, are also described. Moreover, the effects of surfactants on the formation of hydrate in pure water, brine, porous media, and systems containing multiple surfactants are discussed. The synergistic or inhibitory effects of the combinations of these additives are also analyzed. Furthermore, the process of establishing kinetic and thermodynamic models to simulate the factors affecting the formation of hydrate in surfactant-containing solutions is illustrated and summarized.     

Wind resource assessment in Hormozgan province in Iran

In this study, statistical analysing is performed of wind data measured over a 10 min period based on the Weibull distribution function during one year at three heights carried out to determine the potential of wind in two locations in the Hormozgan province. According to the results, wind speed at 40 m height in Kish city ranged from 4.47 m/s in October to 6.69 m/s in March with average value of 5.32 m/s. However, for Jask city wind speed ranged from 3.4 m/s in January to 5.16 m/s in June with average value of 4.22 m/s. According to world classification of wind power, the wind power density is in class 2 for Kish site while for Jask site it is in class 1. Energy production of different wind turbines at different heights is determined. At the end, an economic evaluation was carried out to determine whether studied sites are suitable for development of small-scale wind turbines.     

预测火灾情况下竖井中性面位置的连续模型

针对竖井侧向连续开缝和竖井侧向连续开缝及上部开口两种情况,在Klote模型的基础上,根据竖井内温度在竖向上连续分布的特点,建立了预测火灾情况下竖井中性面高度的连续模型.通过计算流体力学模拟,将Klote模型、双区域模型及连续模型与模拟结果进行对比.结果表明,连续模型偏差最小；通过分析连续模型计算结果可知,中性面高度受火...     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in flames, in diesel fuels, and in diesel emissions

Numerous chemical analyses of gaseous and particulate samples from laboratory flames provide a library of data on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species found in diverse flame types burning fuels consisting of pure gaseous hydrocarbons. The diesel fuels utilized by the more complex combustion in compression ignition engines are composed of thousands of hydrocarbon species. Mass spectrometry by the laser microprobe and gas chromatography were used in a complementary manner to distinguish the PAHs originating in the fuel from those produced by engine combustion. The C_xH_y PAH products of premixed and diffusion flame processes, which also occur in the unsteady diesel combustion, range in mass from 128 u (two rings, x=10, y=8) to beyond 350 u (eight rings, x=28, y=14). Graphs of the number of hydrogen atoms y vs the number of carbon atoms x for the species found by many investigators of laboratory flames show these pyrogenic PAHs to lie on or near the staircase curve that describes the most stable, pericondensed, benzenoid PAHs. In contrast, samples of diesel fuels from the United Kingdom and the United States contain petrogenic alkyl-PAHs with high hydrogen contents. Samples of diesel particulate emissions typical of the 1990s from two different sources display the full mass range of PAHs from 128 to 350 u, including both the benzenoid PAHs and the alkyl-PAHs. Thus diesel emissions, in general, may contain petrogenic fuel components ranging up to 206 u and also the combustion-generated four- to seven-ring species in the 228 to 302 u mass range that have greater carcinogenic potency. The absence of petrogenic components larger than 206 u facilitates their detection and delineation from pyrogenic PAHs by methods of chemical analysis.