弯尾管亥姆霍茨型无阀自激脉动燃烧器传热特性

在传统的亥姆霍茨型脉动燃烧器基础上,取消了机械阀,采用连续供气方式,建立了弯尾管亥姆霍茨型无阀自激脉动燃烧器实验系统,设计了0°、45°,90°和135°弯尾管结构形式,实验研究了弯尾管亥姆霍茨型无阀自激脉动燃烧器尾管的传热特性。结果表明:在相同频率下脉动燃烧器传热系数随压力振幅的增大而增大,脉动流的传热系数约为相同雷诺数下稳态流传热系数的2.4-4.6倍;在相同压力振幅下脉动燃烧器传热系数随脉动频率的增大而增大,脉动流传热系数约是相同雷诺数下稳态流传热系数的3.3-4.7倍。     

Helmoholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器去耦室的研究

文中通过实验研究了0°、45°及90°弯尾管Helmoholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器的压力特性、频率特性以及尾管传热系数受去耦室压力变化的影响。研究结果表明,当去耦室压力在-3～-2 kPa时,直尾管Helmoholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器具有更好的运行特性;当去耦室压力在-6～-5 kPa时,45°弯尾管Helmoholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器具有更好的运行特性;90°弯尾管Helmoholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器由于压力振幅变化大、经常出现双频现象,降低了脉动燃烧系统的稳定性,所以文中建议实际中不宜采取90°弯尾管进行工程设计应用。     

一种热气机用盘式旋流气体燃烧器的试验研究

为满足小型热气机常温常压条件下燃烧的需要,在数值模拟的基础上设计了一种盘式旋流气体燃烧器,并试验研究了不同开孔方式、负荷条件和过量空气系数下燃烧室内的温度分布和火焰形状,结果表明:燃气孔为内孔,空气旋转流动,同时燃烧器外径减小到原来的2/5左右的情况下,燃气-空气混合均匀,燃烧稳定,火焰透明、脱壁且不直接灼烧加热器头部,高温区分布合适,满足热气机燃烧要求。     

混合过程对旋流预混火焰燃烧不稳定性影响的实验研究

针对预混火焰燃烧振荡问题,通过改变旋流预混燃烧器的长度和气流速度,研究了混合长度、气体流速和当量比对燃烧不稳定性的影响,检验了时间延迟模型在宽时间尺度范围内的有效性,并揭示燃烧室压力脉动与燃烧器内燃料空气混合的相互作用机制,及其对燃烧模态的影响.结果表明,燃烧室内压力脉动会向上游传播,引起预混管内当量比脉动.当混合时间尺度小于临界尺度时,时间延迟模型具有一定的可行性.预混管内当量比脉动会随气体流动传至燃烧室中,进而影响燃烧过程,导致燃烧模态随混合时间增加而出现稳定-振荡的循环变化.当混合时间尺度大于临界尺度时,压力脉动向上游的扩散和当量比脉动向下游的流动传递衰减严重,燃烧处于稳定模态.该临界尺度约为τfc=1.5.     

过量空气系数对燃煤电站锅炉热效率和脱硝的影响

建立模型研究过量空气系数对锅炉热效率和污染物控制的影响。结果表明,各工况下锅炉热效率最高时,对应不同的最佳过量空气系数。1 000MW超超临界机组负荷从550MW增加到950MW时,最佳过量空气系数从1.18增加到1.35。烟气温度和流量、排烟热损失和炉内对流换热均随过量空气系数增大而增大,锅炉热效率、NOx生成量、炉膛和火焰温度均随过量空气系数先增大后减小。较低负荷下维持一定程度偏大的过量空气系数不仅能提高锅炉热效率,还能增加烟气温度,维持SCR脱硝系统正常投运。     

常风温无焰燃烧燃气锅炉特性的数值模拟研究

介绍了常温无焰燃烧技术在燃气锅炉上的应用,建立了炉膛内流动与传热的数学模型并进行了数值计算,给出了温度场和NOx浓度场分布。发现增大过量空气系数可以降低炉膛最高温度及平均温度,减小生成的NOx浓度。当过量空气系数为1.05时,锅炉热效率达到最高值,超过98%。当锅炉热负荷低于20%时,炉膛内燃烧方式接近传统有焰燃烧;当锅炉热负荷高于20%时,炉膛内燃烧方式为无焰燃烧,炉膛内温度分布均匀,NOx生成量极低,排放稳定。     

四角布置切向燃烧锅炉炉膛内的热负荷分布

本文通过试验研究了四角布置切向燃烧锅炉炉膛内的辐射热负荷分布.试验在一小型热态试验台上进行,利用一种自制的辐射式热流计测试了炉膛内的辐射热负荷分布.试验表明,在燃烧器区域沿着炉膛宽度的热负荷分布并不对称,且随着过量空气系数的变化而变化:当过量空气系数降低时,沿着炉膛高度方向的热负荷衰减速率增加.图13表2参7     

基于反扩散火焰的低NOx旋流燃烧器数值模拟

采用非预混稳态小火焰模型（Steady Flamelet Model,SFM）耦合110步甲烷燃烧简化机理和Realizable k-ε模型对反扩散-旋流低氮燃烧器进行模拟,对比分析了不同旋流角度（30°,45°和60°）及过量空气系数（1.05,110,115和1.20）下燃烧时燃烧室内各截面轴向速度分布、中心截面温度及NOx质量浓度分布。详细研究了燃烧室内天然气与空气的燃烧特性及NOx的排放规律。模拟结果表明：随着旋流叶片角度逐渐增大,燃烧室内回流作用逐渐增强,导致火焰长度变短、燃烧室内最高温度及出口NO质量浓度逐渐降低;在旋流叶片角度为60°时,出口NO质量浓度仅为114 mg/m3;随着过量空气系数逐渐增大,火焰末端温度逐渐提高,导致燃烧室出口NO排放量逐渐增大;在过量空气系数为1.2时,出口NO质量浓度达到294 mg/m3,相比于过量空气系数为1.05时,其NO排放量增加153%。     

多孔介质回热微燃烧器的扩散燃烧

设计了多孔介质回热微燃烧器.进行了微燃烧器的扩散燃烧特性实验研究,得到了其燃烧效率、出口尾气温度、壁面温度和热损失率随燃烧热功率和过量空气系数的变化规律.实验发现,在较宽的操作范围内,微燃烧器具有较高的燃烧效率和出口尾气温度,而且随着燃烧功率和过量空气系数的增大,微燃烧器的壁面温度和热损失率反而减小.分析表明,采用回热夹层和多孔介质相向的进气方式,使得反应气体的流动方向与散热方向相反,有效回收了热量损失,提高了微燃烧器的热效率和出口尾气温度.所设计的多孔介质回热微燃烧器对开发微燃烧透平发电系统具有重要应用价值.     

进气参数对LPP燃烧室振荡燃烧特性和火焰结构的影响

为研究贫预混预蒸发(LPP)燃烧室振荡燃烧规律和LPP火焰结构,利用动态压力传感器测量了LPP燃烧室内不同进气参数下时域及频域上的压力脉动;利用激光诱导荧光(PLIF)测量系统研究了不同进气参数下的LPP火焰结构变化规律。结果表明:随着燃烧室入口流速的增加,激励出的振荡燃烧的当量比区域会减小;在一定的入口流速下,所激励的振荡燃烧主频会随着当量比的增加而增加;随着燃烧室入口空气温度的提高,激励出振荡燃烧的区域会减小,激励出的振荡燃烧的强度会下降,但振荡燃烧的主频均会增加;稳定燃烧时,LPP火焰为V型火焰;振荡燃烧则会将LPP火焰转化为平整型火焰。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.