通过压电式传感器阵列测量简支梁的声辐射模态

采用一组PVDF(polyvinylidence fluioride)阵列测量了简支梁声辐射模态,在简支梁表面粘贴一组相同形状的矩形PVDF薄膜作为传感器,通过设计这组PVDF输出的加权系数,得到各阶声辐射模态的幅值。研究表明,PVDF的加权系数与辐射体表面上的外激励力无关;实验结果表明,这种声辐射模态传感器的设计是可行的。     

叶片复杂曲面的机器人抛磨工艺规划

为了实现复杂曲面工件的智能抛磨加工,对叶片复杂曲面进行机器人抛磨工艺规划。对抛磨点位置规划算法和基于最大接触原则的抛磨姿态规划算法进行了研究。首先,通过平行截面法获得抛磨路径割线,以非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲线描述。接着,提取曲线特征参数,根据设定的阈值进行抛磨点规划,再基于抛磨轮与工件的最大接触原则进行抛磨点姿态规划,从而得到完整的抛磨路径。然后,将工件位姿从工件坐标系转换到TCP坐标系。最后,搭建了柔性抛磨系统仿真平台生成机器人控制程序。实验结果表明,此方法规划的路径可用于叶片复杂曲面的机器人抛磨加工。分别用本文规划所得路径和CAM软件规划所得路径对叶片进行抛磨加工,测得表面粗糙度分别为0.695~0.930μm和2.803~3.243μm。本文提出的抛磨位姿规划方法可用于复杂曲面工件的抛磨路径规划,使工具和工件保持最大接触,从而避免了位姿不合理所产生的过抛和欠抛。     

Real-time simulation and visualization of robotic belt grinding processes

Real time simulation and visualization are important for robot programmers to verify and optimize the path planning for the robotic belt grinding process. A new free-form surface representation based on discrete surfel element is developed to facilitate the system implementation, which exploits the advantage of the new development of point-based rendering technology in computer graphics. A local process model is integrated to calculate the material removal rate by considering the local geometry information and non-uniform force distribution. The final surface grinding error is easy to be assessed and visualized for quality evaluation. The experiments show that the simulation error is below 15%, even for a non-uniform contact under stable cutting conditions.     

几器人砂带磨削系统的夹具优化

根据复杂曲面磨削任务对机器人的实际要求,提出了一种PPPRRR砂带磨削机器人构型,利用D—H法建立了机器人的运动模型及正反解方程。建立了基于该构型机器人砂带磨削系统的曲面磨削数学模型,在此基础上以高尔夫球头为典型工件代表,分析了利用夹具改变零件的装卡姿态及改变磨削机与机器人相对位置对工件可磨削性的影响,利用蒙特卡洛方法优化了磨削机与机器人的相对位置及零件装卡姿态,提高了磨削机器人系统的加工性能。     

一种基于三自由度机器人控制原理的砂带磨床的静力学分析

介绍了一种柔性砂带磨削系统。对基于三自由度机器人控制原理的砂带磨床进行了运动学分析,得到了接触轮轮心位置的正反解,在此基础上,重点对磨床进行了静力学分析,推导出该磨削机的静力平衡方程,并计算了2#接触轮在受到工件作用力时各关节制动器所需的平衡力矩。     

Vibro-impact dynamics of material removal in a robotic grinding process

This paper studies the vibratory dynamics governing material removal performed by a compliant robot. The objective is to understand whether metal removal at a target rate or to a target depth of cut is possible given the unavoidable significant and sustained vibrations inherent to the process. Robotic grinding by the SCOMPI robot developed at Hydro-Québec’s research institute for field maintenance work on hydroelectric equipment is studied. A test rig is developed to investigate the instantaneous process of material removal. The setup employs the methodology of angular analysis to detect and locate the discrete cutting events with respect to the instantaneous angular position of the spindle. Test results confirm that the grinding wheel exhibits cyclic impacting oscillations while removing material. This vibro-impact behavior is explained by the nonsmooth nature of the system arising from the substantial difference between process stiffness and stiffness of the robot. Grinding force and power are formulated based on the impacting dynamics of material removal (impact cutting). Parameters of the impact-cutting model are determined experimentally. The impact-cutting model is found well-suited to predicting the grinding power required to remove metal at a target rate. The conclusion is reached that metal removal to a target depth and with acceptable surface waviness is possible despite high-amplitude vibro-impacts between the grinding wheel and workpiece.     

三自由度砂带磨床的设计与分析

介绍了一种用于复杂空间曲面磨削加工的新型机器人柔性磨削系统,重点对系统中三自由度砂带磨床的三自由度转位机构、砂带跑偏调整机构和砂带张紧机构进行了设计和分析,对砂带磨床的控制系统也做了介绍.     

Parametric modelling and control of the robotic grinding process

The modelling and control of the grinding force for the robotic disc-grinding process are described. Modelling experiments were conducted using an industrial robot equipped with a pneumatic grinder and a force sensor. The models relating the commanded depth of cut to the corresponding normal grinding force was developed based on nine sets of experimental data. These data were collected at three different grinding paths with three different pseudo-random binary sequence amplitudes in order to fully investigate the dynamics of the process. Using the extended-least squares method for recursive parameter estimation, a linear fourth-order autoregressive moving average with exogenous variable model was successfully developed for the robotic disc-grinding process.Using the identified models, an adaptive pole placement controller was developed and tested using computer simulations, The purpose of the controller is to regulate the normal grinding force. The results demonstrate effective control under various grinding conditions.     

Capturing the tacit knowledge of the skilled operator to program tool paths and tool orientations for robot belt grinding

This paper describes a novel methodology for generating grinding tool paths, orientations and grinding parameters based on the captured trajectories of a surface finishing tool operated by the skilled operator. First, a variable frame size moving window principal component analysis is performed on the trajectories. Next, features such as the amplitude, speed of the tool centre point, direction of travel, average position, contact force and orientation of the grinder are calculated. Kernel k-means clustering is applied to the trajectory’s feature vectors for segmentation into the tool path primitives. The robotic tool path primitives would be ordered similar to the manual tool path primitives in the grinding strategy. The robotic tool path primitives are then generated based on the boundaries of the manual tool path primitive in a computer-aided manufacturing software. Anchor points are selected from the corners and at intermediate sections along the robotic tool path to inherit the orientations of the manual tool path. Using the inherited skilled operator tool orientations, spherical linear interpolation and spherical spline quaternion interpolation are used to interpolate the orientations for the robotic tool path points along the cross curves, followed by the flow curves, respectively. A finite element model of the belt grinding process is also introduced to quantify the effect of the contact wheel serrations on the material removal rate. This is to account for the difference in contact wheel design between the handheld and robotic grinding tool. The programmed robotic tool paths generated from the trajectories captured from a skilled operator were proven to be able to grind the workpiece to the desired profile within the desired tolerance in a pre-production environment.     

非一致曲率表面下的气压砂轮磨粒剪胀及加工试验研究#br#

针对软固结磨粒气压砂轮在加工异形曲面时,工件所受的切削力以及接触区内磨粒速度因工件曲率发生变化,导致工件不同曲率处材料去除量不均匀的问题, 基于修正的Rowe剪胀理论建立砂轮切削力模型,提出了非一致曲率表面下修正的气压砂轮材料去除模型。通过EDEM软件建立了软固结磨粒气压砂轮模型,分析了砂轮下压量为1.5 mm时工件曲率对接触力以及接触区内磨粒速度的影响。搭建气压砂轮加工试验平台,通过光整加工试验验证修正的材料去除模型。研究结果表明：修正的材料去除模型平均绝对值误差为0.095,而原始的材料去除模型平均绝对值误差为0.291,说明修正的材料去除模型可以用于气压砂轮抛光过程中的定量分析,且工件加工表面划痕明显减少。     

Study of grinding tool profiling for robotic processes

In the fabrication and maintenance of hydroelectric turbines, the reconstruction by grinding of certain high-curvature surfaces such as junctions has not yet been robotized and must now be done manually. The problem is related to the very fast grinding wheel wear and the difficulty in controlling the position and orientation of the robot's grinder to adjust to changes in wheel shape. If the grinding wheel orientation is kept constant with respect to the workpiece, wheel-workpiece conformity increases, specific energy increases, the material removal rate drops and glazing of the wheel may occur. This article presents a method for controlling simultaneously the profile of both the workpiece and the grinding wheel. The orientation of the wheel is oscillated to maintain a constant wheel profile throughout its life and thus achieve better control in material removal. Research results provide the basis for robotic grinding tool profiling.     

新型砂带磨削机控制系统的设计与实现

主要介绍用PLC和触摸屏控制新型砂带磨削机,讲述其工作原理,同时介绍其硬件配置和软件设计。本新型砂带磨削机,可以在线更换磨削轮,用于磨削不同曲率的表面,极大的提高生产效率。磨削机ABB与机器人通讯,用机器人控制器控制磨削机,在线改变磨削机的运行参数,协调工作,提高砂带磨削的自动化程度。     

Cu-3镍铜合金砂带磨削试验研究

分析了Cu-3镍铜合金砂带磨削加工过程中,砂带粒度和磨削用量的不同对磨削加工效率、工件表面质量和砂带磨损的影响。采用氧化铝磨料砂带在不同的砂带线速度或磨削压力下对镍铜合金进行了工艺试验,对材料去除量、工件表面粗糙度和砂带磨损量进行了测量。研究表明:增加砂带线速度和磨削压力可在一定程度上提高材料去除率和磨削比;随着磨削压力的增大,工件表面粗糙度呈增大趋势;随着砂带粒度的增大,工件表面粗糙度呈减小趋势;砂带线速度为25m/s,磨削压力为43N,砂带粒度为P240时,镍铜合金综合磨削效果最好。     

Modeling of the centerless through-feed grinding process

A computer simulation method for investigating the form generation mechanism in the centerless through-feed grinding process is described. The length of the contact line and the magnitude of the grinding force between the grinding wheel and workpieces, vary with the change in the axial location of the current workpiece during grinding. Thus, a new coordinate system and a grinding force curve of previous and/or following workpieces are introduced to treat the axial motion. Experiments and computer simulations were carried out using four types of cylindrical workpiece shapes. To validate this model, simulation results are compared with the experimental results.     

Designing and Optimization of an Off-line Programming System for Robotic Belt Grinding Process

Off-line programming (OLP) system becomes one of the most important programming modules for the robotic belt grinding process, however there lacks research on increasing the grinding dexterous space depending on the OLP system. A new type of grinding robot and a novel robotic belt grinding workcell are forwarded, and their features are briefly introduced. An open and object-oriented off-line programming system is developed for this robotic belt grinding system. The parameters of the trimmed surface are read from the initial graphics exchange specification (IGES) file of the CAD model of the workpiece. The deBoor-Cox basis function is used to sample the grinding target with local contact frame on the workpiece. The numerical formula of inverse kinematics is set up based on Newton’s iterative procedure, to calculate the grinding robot configurations corresponding to the grinding targets. After the grinding path is obtained, the OLP system turns to be more effective than the teach-by-showing system. In order to improve the grinding workspace, an optimization algorithm for dynamic tool frame is proposed and performed on the special robotic belt grinding system. The initial tool frame and the interval of neighboring tool frames are defined as the preparation of the algorithm. An optimized tool local frame can be selected to grind the complex surface for a maximum dexterity index of the robot. Under the optimization algorithm, a simulation of grinding a vane is included and comparison of grinding workspace is done before and after the tool frame optimization. By the algorithm, the grinding workspace can be enlarged. Moreover the dynamic tool frame can be considered to add one degree-of-freedom to the grinding kinematical chain, which provides the theoretical support for the improvement of robotic dexterity for the complex surface grinding.     

A low-cost laser scanning solution for flexible robotic cells: spray coating

In this paper, an adaptive and low-cost robotic coating platform for small production series is presented. This new platform presents a flexible architecture that enables fast/automatic system adaptive behaviour without human intervention. The concept is based on contactless technology, using artificial vision and laser scanning to identify and characterize different workpieces travelling on a conveyor. Using laser triangulation, the workpieces are virtually reconstructed through a simplified cloud of three-dimensional (3D) points. From those reconstructed models, several algorithms are implemented to extract information about workpieces profile (pattern recognition), size, boundary and pose. Such information is then used to on-line adjust the “base” robot programmes. These robot programmes are off-line generated from a 3D computer-aided design model of each different workpiece profile. Finally, the robotic manipulator executes the coating process after its “base” programmes have been adjusted. This is a low-cost and fully autonomous system that allows adapting the robot’s behaviour to different manufacturing situations. It means that the robot is ready to work over any piece at any time, and thus, small production series can be reduced to as much as a one-object series. No skilled workers and large setup times are needed to operate it. Experimental results showed that this solution proved to be efficient and can be applied not only for spray coating purposes but also for many other industrial processes (automatic manipulation, pick-and-place, inspection, etc.).     

A new force distribution calculation model for high-quality production processes

Industrial robots have been introduced to the belt grinding of free-form surfaces in order to obtain high-quality products and high-efficiency. One of the critical problems of high-precision belt grinding is to compute the force distribution in the contact area between the workpiece and elastic grinding wheel. The finite element method (FEM) is the traditional way to solve such a contact problem. However, the FEM model is too time-consuming. Normally, a single calculation takes several minutes on a powerful PC, which is unacceptable for real-time simulations and on-line robot control. A new model based on a neural network (NN) technique is developed instead of the FEM model to calculate the force distribution. The new model approximates the old FEM model with an acceptable tolerance but can be executed much faster than FEM model. With this new model, real-time simulation and on-line robot control of grinding processes can be further conducted.     

叶片机器人砂带磨抛点云匹配算法优化

为解决机器人磨抛路径中工件坐标系难以计算的问题及校正工件装夹误差,将三维点云配准技术应用到叶片机器人砂带磨抛系统中。由三维激光扫描仪扫描工件型面获得工件点云,采用基于主成分分析(PCA)的全局配准算法和改进的迭代最近点(ICP)算法完成了扫描点云和工件模型离散点云间以及不同工件扫描点云间的匹配,以获取工件坐标系和校正工件装夹误差。相关仿真和试验结果表明,优化后的算法在匹配速度与精度上有了长足改进,且加工后产品精度和质量都能满足实际加工要求。     

Method for graphically evaluating the workpiece’s contour error in non-circular grinding process

To find and compensate the dynamic contour error of workpieces on CNC non-circular grinder, a graphic display and evaluation method is introduced. The programmed set and actual contours of workpiece are displayed through the outlines of grinding wheel at a series of set and actual positions. The dynamic contour error can be recognized directly on CNC control screen without extra measuring equipments as usual. The set and actual positions of grinding wheel related to workpiece are collected from the CNC controller and servo drives and further evaluated. This process is carried out after a dry-run cycle on the machine. Based on this method, a display and evaluation software module has been developed and integrated in the controller of a CNC non-circular grinder. It helps to find contour error and generate the compensation data. Grinding an eccentric test piece shows good result and advantage of the proposed method.     

用于复杂空间曲面加工的机器人磨削系统

开发的用于复杂曲面的磨削机器人磨削系统由六自由度ABB机器人和砂带磨削机组成,其工艺流程包括工具和工件位姿标定、加工路径离线编程、自动磨削加工和检测。弹簧、比例阀构成的力补偿系统保证了磨削过程中接触力的稳定。该系统加工出的汽轮机叶片形面误差和表面质量比传统方法加工出的叶片有大幅度提高。