粒径对贫煤空气分级NOx排放特性影响的试验研究

采用煤粉燃烧自维持一维试验炉进行了不同煤粉粒径贫煤的单级和多级空气分级燃烧试验,研究了煤粉粒径对煤粉空气分级燃烧NOx排放的影响,探索适用于贫煤空气分级燃烧的煤粉粒径参数和分级级数,以实现较低的NOx排放.结果 表明:粒径影响炉内煤粉颗粒燃烧过程和NOx生成特性,细煤粉颗粒的燃烧速率更快,在炉内易形成还原性气氛,有利于抑制NOx生成和促进已生成的NOx的均相异相还原反应;在深度空气分级燃烧条件下,粒径减小对于降低NOx排放的作用更加显著;采用多级空气分级燃烧能够进一步降低NOx排放量.建议在实际燃用贫煤的锅炉中,采用两级空气分级燃烧和平均粒径为22.78 μm的细煤粉相结合的燃烧技术方案,此时NOx质量浓度可减少27.9％.     

声场强化煤粉燃烧的试验研究

在锅炉燃烧装置中安装超声波发射器,使颗粒较大且不易燃烧的煤粉颗粒产生共振,通过试验得到煤粉产生共振的最佳频率,并在有、无超声波作用的2种环境中分别进行燃烧试验,分析燃烧灰渣质量来获得煤粉燃尽率.结果表明:加入超声波后可提高煤粉周围氧的扩散速度,扩大煤粉与氧的接触面积,保证燃料充分燃烧,燃尽率可以提高9.016 3%,同时降低了煤粉黏结的概率,有效减轻了锅炉结焦,提高了锅炉的整体性能.     

煤粉气流着火稳定性的最佳煤粉浓度分析

实践经验表明，实现高浓度煤粉燃烧不仅对低挥发份煤种的稳燃、降低飞灰可燃物、防止结焦卓有成效，还可以成倍降低氮氧化合物的含量，保护人类生存的环境。按照组织煤粉燃烧的基本原则和湍流混合的基本原理，对煤粉气流着火存在最佳煤粉浓度进行了分析，研究了不同煤种一次风温与煤粉浓度之间的关系，为提高煤粉燃烧的工程设计和应用提供了必要的实践依据。     

四角切园煤粉锅炉局部富氧燃烧技术仿真研究

某公司170t/h四角切圆煤粉锅炉运行过程中发现排烟飞灰含碳量及NOx浓度高、煤粉燃烧效率低、炉堂壁易结焦等问题,为此在浓淡燃烧技术的基础上提出用富氧风作为炉顶燃尽风和贴壁风的分级燃烧新思想,借助Fluent仿真软件,对工况前后煤粉锅炉炉内速度场、温度场及煤粉颗粒轨迹进行数值仿真计算与调整。结果表明,调整后的四角切圆煤粉锅炉采用富氧局部助燃技术,可有效改善炉内动力场特性,提高炉内燃烧的稳定性能,对降低NOx的排放浓度有着非常积极的作用。     

锅炉低NOx排放煤粉分级燃烧的优化

燃料分级燃烧是目前广泛采用的降低ＮＯｘ排放的有效方法之一。本文通过数值计算对优化煤粉分级燃烧进行了研究，以保证锅炉ＮＯｘ低水平的排放，并确定了煤粉４级燃烧的组织原则。     

煤粉细度对燃烧特性影响的实验研究

对冷水江和斗笠山两种煤粉,采用热天平进行了热重分析实验,分析了煤粉样在不同细度下的着火特性、燃烧特性、燃尽性能及动力学参数,给出了反映煤粉燃尽性能的综合判别指数Hj并进行了对比.结果表明:在相同的升温速度下,随着煤粉粒径的减小,挥发分析出量及DTG峰值增大,出现最大燃烧速率的时间提前;煤粉粒径减小,活化能降低,着火温度降低,着火提前,煤粉的燃烧特性也随之变好.     

一种提高电站锅炉效率的技术

１前言国家电站燃烧工程技术中心研制开发了自动可调叶栅煤粉分配器，并已应用于多台２００MW机组。经过大量的工业试验和长期的运行实践证明，该装置能够有效降低机械不完全损失，提高锅炉的热效率，并且能在低负荷稳定燃烧，提高锅炉运行的经济性。２自动可调叶栅煤粉分配器的工作原理自动可调叶栅煤粉分配器是一种新型的燃烧调整装置，其结构如图１所示。它由两部分构成：（１）煤粉浓缩装置，图１中标号为９；（２）自动可调叶栅煤粉分配器本体，图１中标号为３。其中煤粉浓缩装置安装于各只燃烧器入口的一次风水平管道，利用煤粉气流…     

中心大速差射流降低NOx排放量的实验研究

在实验室的卧式煤粉炉中，对中心大速差射流是否能降低ＮＯｘ排放量进行了实验研究。实验表明：中心大速差射流不仅能明显降低ＮＯＸ排放量，而且可使煤粉提前着火，从而提高了煤粉燃烧的稳定性。该方法若用于煤粉锅炉的最上一层的燃烧器，则可望在降低ＮＯＸ排放量的同时不影响锅炉的燃烧效率。     

国产引进型300MW“W”型锅炉煤粉分离器改造

为了解决某电厂2#锅炉自投产以来存在的煤粉偏粗、飞灰可燃物含量偏高等问题,从改善入炉煤粉细度,获取细煤粉（R90≤5％）入手,对原双蜗壳心型煤粉分离器进行技术改造,采用旋转式动静结合型分离器,配合燃烧调整手段,改造后锅炉效率提高1.28％,供电煤耗降低4.532g/kW·h.证明对于燃用低挥发分劣质无烟煤的“W”型锅炉,通过采用旋转式煤粉分离器,可以有效改善煤粉细度,降低飞灰和灰渣可燃物含量,有利于锅炉燃烧稳定性和经济性的提高.     

陕西主要动力煤种燃烧特性的热天平研究

为了研究分析陕西主要煤种的燃烧特性,采用德国NETZSCH STA-409PC型热重分析仪分析了样品质量、升温速率、粒径对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。实验结果表明,随着粒径的减小,神木烟煤的燃烧性能先增强后变弱,粒径75～90μm左右燃烧特性最好。升温速率、样品质量对煤粉的燃烧特性也有影响。随着升温速率的提高,煤粉的着火温度升高,最大失重速率增大,最大失重速率对应的温度升高;随着质量的增加,煤粉的着火温度略有降低,燃尽温度却逐渐增大,最大失重速率明显增大,放热效应的最大温度点逐渐增大,并且煤粉挥发分燃烧低温放热与固定碳燃烧高温放热有一定的分期。     

A complete review based on various aspects of pulverized coal combustion

Coal is the most abundant energy source, and around 40% of the world's electricity is produced by coal combustion. The emission generated through it put a constraint on power production by coal combustion. There is a need to reduce the emissions generated through it to utilize the enormous energy of coal for power production. Detailed understanding of various aspects of coal combustion is required to reduce the emissions from coal‐fired furnaces. The aim of present paper is to review various aspects of pulverized coal combustion such as oxy‐fuel combustion, co‐combustion of coal and biomass, emissions from pulverized coal furnaces, ash formation and deposition, and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies to outline the progress made in these aspects. Both experimental and numerical aspects are included in this review. This review also discusses the thermodynamic aspects of the combustion process. Furthermore, the effect of various submodels such as devolatilization models, char combustion models, radiation models, and turbulent models on the process of pulverized coal combustion has been investigated in this paper.     

煤粉再燃降低NOx燃烧技术

社会的可持续性发展,使得对环境的要求达到一个新的高度。减少氮氧化物的排放是一个亟待解决的问题,燃料再燃技术是解决此问题的一个十分可行的方法。文章分析了燃料再燃技术的原理,论述了超细煤粉再燃NOx的排放在中试试验炉上的试验和数值模拟结果,中间储仓式热风送粉系统采用三次风再燃技术降低NOx的排放,结果表明这两种燃料再燃技术都可有效降低氮氧化物的排放。     

Distribution of mineral matter in pulverized coal

Mineral transformations, and therefore fly ash evolution, during pulverized coal combustion, depend on the amount, composition and spatial distribution of the inorganic matter within individual pulverized coal particles. Thus, it is necessary to have information on the mineral composition of individual particles, as well as that of the raw pulverized coal. A model is proposed based on the assumption that mineral inclusions of size and composition determined using a CCSEM are distributed randomly in the coal. From this distribution it is possible to generate distributions of mineral content for any particle size and density fraction of coal. The model has been checked by comparing computed results with data on the compositional variations of narrowly and density classified fractions of an Upper Freeport bituminous coal. The results of individual coal particle compositions are used to generate information on the variability of the composition of the fly ash generated during combustion.     

A new principle of ignition and flame stability for low-volatile pulverized coal with slitted bluff-body burner

On the basis of analysing the lean flammability limits of pulverized coal combustion and the mechanism of flame stabilization of low-volatile pulverized coal by the bluff-body burner, a new principle is presented that improves ignition and flame stability of low-volatile pulverized coal. For example, some methods separate the low-volatile pulverized coals from primary air just after they enter the combustion chamber and concentrate them around the boundary and inside of the recirculation region where favourable conditions are created for the volatile contents to be released and matched with the ambient air. According to this principle a new kind of burner, called a slitted bluff-body, is invented, with which it is easier to ignite low-volatile pulverized coal and to stabilize and intensify the flame.     

不同热天平煤粉燃烧特性试验差异的原因分析

从热天平结构及试验条件等影响因素出发 ,分析了不同热天平煤粉燃烧特性试验结果间产生差异的原因 ,提出了改善不同热天平煤粉燃烧特性试验结果间可比性的建议     

410t/h煤粉炉乏气送粉改造降低NO_x排放的试验研究

针对某电厂410 t/h煤粉炉在300 t/h以上高负荷下运行时NOx排放无法达标的问题,提出了将原中储式温风送粉系统改造为乏气送粉系统,技术方案为排粉风机出来的乏气全部送入一次风管道,直接采用乏气作为送粉介质输送煤粉,避免乏气直接送入炉膛造成的局部富氧气氛,从而有效抑制乏气中的煤粉燃烧NOx生成量。试验及调试结果表明,采用乏气送粉改造后,锅炉燃烧稳定、热效率未受影响,NOx排放降低到100 mg/m3以下(折算到氧量6%)。     

Synergistic combustion of coal with natural gas

Using an improved coal-devolatilization model and a simple char-burnout model, we explore possible synergisms in the simultaneous combustion of coal and natural gas. After describing our own work briefly in the context of the conversion of oil boilers to coal burning, we consider the direct use of pulverized coal or of coal-water slurries with gas augmentation, and the two-stage use of pulverized coal or coal-water slurries with gas augmentation. In the first case, we identify advantageous interactions in cofiring which speeds up char-burnout. In the second case, the primary role of the first stage is the “methanogasification” of coal analogous to, and possibly more effective than, the hydrogasification of coal. In both cases, simultaneous coal-gas combustion appears to be synergistic.     

乏气送粉锅炉煤粉浓度软测量技术及其仿真研究

锅炉燃烧过程中,喷燃器出口煤粉浓度不均将会导致炉膛火焰中心偏斜,从而引起炉膛气流冲刷后墙及右墙,高温过热器,高温再热器出现局部超温,结焦的现象。因此准确测量各风管中的煤粉浓度并指导调节对锅炉的安全,经济运行非常重要,为此,必须寻找一种简单,高效,实用而且适合工程应用的煤粉浓度测量的方法。对于热风送粉锅炉的煤粉浓度测量,国内外做了大量的研究,并得到了工程应用。本文提出了一种乏气送粉方式下基于气固两相流理论,根据风粉混合前后压力差大小计算粉煤浓度的新方法,并在理论推导的基础上进行了仿真研究,结果表明,煤粉浓度计算值与混合压差呈很好的对应, 说明能量法理论计算公式是适用的。     

某电厂220t/h锅炉煤粉燃烧器改造设计方案

为提高某电厂220t/h煤粉锅炉燃烧器低负荷稳燃能力，拟采用浓淡燃烧技术对该炉燃烧器进行改造；下层燃烧器采用水平浓淡燃烧器，上层燃烧器采用上下浓淡燃烧器；为保证低负荷时的主蒸汽温度，上层燃烧器为摆动式燃烧器。     

Mechanism analysis on the pulverized coal combustion flame stability and NOx emission in a swirl burner with deep air staging

Low NOx burner and air staged combustion are widely applied to control NOx emission in coal-fired power plants. The gas-solid two-phase flow, pulverized coal combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a single low NOx swirl burner in an existing coal-fired boiler was numerically simulated to analyze the mechanisms of flame stability and in-flame NOx reduction. And the detailed NOx formation and reduction model under fuel rich conditions was employed to optimize NOx emissions for the low NOx burner with air staged combustion of different burner stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the specially-designed swirl burner structures including the pulverized coal concentrator, flame stabilizing ring and baffle plate create an ignition region of high gas temperature, proper oxygen concentration and high pulverized coal concentration near the annular recirculation zone at the burner outlet for flame stability. At the same time, the annular recirculation zone is generated between the primary and secondary air jets to promote the rapid ignition and combustion of pulverized coal particles to consume oxygen, and then a reducing region is formed as fuel-rich environment to contribute to in-flame NO_X reduction. Moreover, the NOx concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced when the deep air staged combustion with the burner stoichiometric ratio of 0.75 is adopted, and the CO concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be maintained simultaneously at a low level through the over-fired air injection of high velocity to enhance the mixing of the fresh air with the flue gas, which can provide the optimal solution for lower NOx emission in the existing coal-fired boilers.